Active pharmaceutical oxidation

Popp BV, Stahl SS (2007) Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidation Reactions Comparison of Benzo-quinone and Molecular Oxygen as Stoichiometric Oxidants. 22 149-189 Prashad M (2004) Palladium-Catalyzed Heck Arylations in the Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. 6 181-204 Prestipino C, see Zecchina A (2005) 16 1-35 Pretraszuk C, see Marciniec B (2004) 11 197-248... 

Sometimes an active pharmaceutical produces another active agent after biotransformation. An example of a commercially popular drug with an active metabolite is terfenadine (Seldane )/ as shown in Scheme 11.3. As discussed in Chapter 1/ the terfenadine oxidative metabolite/ fexofenadine (Allegra )/ is now marketed as a safer alternative that avoids potentially fatal cardiac terfenadine side effects. 

Oxygen permeability is a measure of the effectiveness of the coating material to act as a barrier to oxygen and is especially important when working with active pharmaceutical ingredients that can be degraded by oxidative... 

The most difflcult pharmaceutically relevant oxidation of steroids is the introduction of a 14 -hydroxyl group. This functional group is found in heart-active steroids (cardenolides) such as digitoxigenin, which also contain a 17/J-butenolide substituent. The 14/ -hydroxyl group is easily cleaved off by dehydration and must therefore not be treated with Lewis or... 

Therapeutics. Compounds containing the furan or tetrahydrofuran ring are biologically active and are present in a number of pharmaceutical products. Eurfurjdamine [617-89-0] is an intermediate in the diuretic, furosemide. Tetrahydrofurfurylamine [4795-29-3] may also have pharmaceutical applications. 5-(E)imethyiaininomethyi)furfuryi alcohol [15433-79-17 is an intermediate in the preparation of ranitidine, which is used for treating ulcers. 2-Acet5dfuran [1192-62-7] prepared from acetic anhydride and furan is an intermediate in the synthesis of cefuroxime, a penicillin derivative. 2-Euroic acid is prepared by the oxidation of furfural. Both furoic acid [88-14-2] and furoyl chloride [527-69-5] are used as pharmaceutical intermediates. 

Much effort has been placed in the synthesis of compounds possessing a chiral center at the phosphoms atom, particularly three- and four-coordinate compounds such as tertiary phosphines, phosphine oxides, phosphonates, phosphinates, and phosphate esters (11). Some enantiomers are known to exhibit a variety of biological activities and are therefore of interest Oas agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals (qv), etc. Homochiral bisphosphines are commonly used in catalytic asymmetric syntheses providing good enantioselectivities (see also Nucleic acids). Excellent reviews of low coordinate (coordination numbers 1 and 2) phosphoms compounds are available (12). 

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