Active agents

Soaps of heavy metals have been used but cationic surface-active agents have proved more suitable, notably organic amines of relatively high molecular weight. 

Dimeihylamine, C2H7N, (CH3)2NH. Colourless, inflammable liquid with an ammoniacal odour, mp -96" C, b.p. 7°C. Occurs naturally in herring brine. Prepared in the laboratory by treating nitrosodimetbyl-aniline with a hot solution of sodium hydroxide. Dimethylamine is largely used in the manufacture of other chemicals. These include the solvents dimethylacetamide and dimethyl-formamide, the rocket propellant unsym-metrical dimethylhydrazine, surface-active agents, herbicides, fungicides and rubber accelerators. 

Sorbitol is manufactured by the reduction of glucose in aqueous solution using hydrogen with a nickel catalyst. It is used in the manufacture of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), various surface active agents, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, dentifrices, adhesives, polyurethane foams, etc. 

These surface active agents have weaker intermoiecular attractive forces than the solvent, and therefore tend to concentrate in the surface at the expense of the water molecules. The accumulation of adsorbed surface active agent is related to the change in surface tension according to the Gibbs adsorption equation... 

Tiianium(III) chloride, TiClj. Violet or brown solid (TiCU plus H3 at 700°C TiCU plus AIR3 (brown form)). Forms violet 6 hydrate. Used as a reducing agent. The fibrous brown form is an active agent in the Ziegler-Natta siereoregular polymerization of olefines. 

When a surface-active agent is present in a liquid droplet, it can adsorb to the surface, lower the surface energy, and cause the liquid contact angle to increase. This phenomenon, known as autophobicity, was postulated by Zisman many years ago [78, 79]. Autophobicity is quite striking in wetting films on clean... 

The surface-active agents (surfactants) responsible for wetting, flotation and detergency exhibit rather special and interesting properties characteristic of what are called association colloids or, in the older literature, colloidal electrolytes. These properties play an important role in determining, at least indirectly, the detergency of a given surfactant and are therefore considered here... 

In addition to lowering the interfacial tension between a soil and water, a surfactant can play an equally important role by partitioning into the oily phase carrying water with it [232]. This reverse solubilization process aids hydrody-namically controlled removal mechanisms. The partitioning of surface-active agents between oil and water has been the subject of fundamental studies by Grieser and co-workers [197, 233]. 

M. J. Rosen and H. A. Goldsmith, Systematic Analysis of Surface-Active Agents, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1972. 

The mechanism of aromatic sulphonation is complex and may vary, e.g. with the concentration of water or oleum in the acid, the temperature, and the hydrocarbon. One active agent is SO3, and one simplified route may be ... 

I wetting agent for textiles, surface-active agent, [ food additive... 

Chemical Manufacturing. Chemical manufacturing accounts for over 50% of all U.S. caustic soda demand. It is used primarily for pH control, neutralization, off-gas scmbbing, and as a catalyst. About 50% of the total demand in this category, or approximately 25% of overall U.S. consumption, is used in the manufacture of organic intermediates, polymers, and end products. The majority of caustic soda required here is for the production of propylene oxide, polycarbonate resin, epoxies, synthetic fibers, and surface-active agents (6). 

Where surface-active agents are present, the notion of surface tension and the description of the phenomena become more complex. As fluid flows past a circulating drop (bubble), fresh surface is created continuously at the nose of the drop. This fresh surface can have a different concentration of agent, hence a different surface tension, from the surface further downstream that was created earlier. Neither of these values need equal the surface tension developed in a static, equiUbrium situation. A proper description of the flow under these circumstances involves additional dimensionless groups related to the concentrations and diffusivities of the surface-active agents. 

Many fluorinated, biologically active agents have been developed and successfully used in the treatment of diseases. The biological property of fluorinated organics has been further extended to applications in the agrochemical and pest management fields. 

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