Acrylic acid, from heterogeneous oxidation

Heterogeneous palladium catalysts proved to be active in the conversion of simple alkenes to the corresponding allylic acetates, carbonyl compounds, and carboxylic acids.694 704 Allyl acetate or acrylic acid from propylene was selectively produced on a palladium on charcoal catalyst depending on catalyst pretreatment and reaction conditions.694 Allylic oxidation with singlet oxygen to yield allylic hydroperoxides is discussed in Section 9.2.2. 

Heterogeneous oxidative processes operate at high temperatures (250-450 6C) and are useful for the synthesis of acrolein and acrylic acid from propylene over bismuth molybdate catalysts, the synthesis of maleic and phthalic anhydrides from the oxidation of benzene (or C4 compounds) and naphthalene (or o-xylene) respectively over vanadium oxide,101 arid the synthesis of ethylene oxide from ethylene over silver catalysts.102... 

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