Acid etching, polymer adhesion

There are numerous metal pretreatment techniques that can be used in addition to solvent degreasing. To obtain metal/polymer systems which exhibit strong initial adhesion it is usually sufficient to wash the metal with a solvent followed by an acid etch or sandblasting technique to remove any weak oxide layers and roughen the surface simultaneously. 

The backbone of the CO polymer platform is alicyclic units with pendant ester-protecting groups, acidic groups, and adhesion-promoting groups. Resist polymers of this platform generally have higher plasma etch stability, but are also more hydrophobic than their acrylate and COMA counterparts. 

After the Second World War, it soon became apparent that low-density polyethylene (LDPE) would be a useful packaging material. However, one serious problem was the difficulty in obtaining good adhesion to the polymer. This led to much research and development to obtain effective pre-treatments for LDPE. By about 1950, a number of pre-treatments had been developed, including the use of chlorine - - UV radiation, chromic acid etching. Flame treatment and Corona discharge treatment. 

The ability to probe surfaces using in situ SERS can be exploited in polymer chemistry to characterise the surface of polymers for comparison with the bulk properties and to study polymer-metal composites such as adhesives and coatings. Interactions between adhesives and metal polymeric surfaces have been investigated [437]. The applicability of SERS to polymer surfaces has also been reported in a study on poly-/ -nitrostyrene [438], and in another study on the effects of chromic/sulfuric acid etching on PE films [439]. The desired surface sensitivity... 

Phosphoric acid has traditionally been used as a conditioner of enamel and dentin for adhesive restorative treatments, as desalbed in section Polymers in Dental Adhesion . 37 % phosphoric acid has been shown to decalcify enamel and dentin in a desirable pattern, thus facilitating impregnation of adhesive monomers required for placement of composite resin restorations in the tissue matrix. Despite the known efficiency of 37 % phosphoric add gels in acid-etching enamel and dentin, it has been shown that its effects in increasing the surface porosity of the pseudo-intact surface layer of enamel lesions was not sufficient [117]. To overcome this limitation, 15 % hydrochloric acid (generally for 2 min) has been tested and shown to remove about 30 pm of surface enamel, thus allowing for much improved penetration of viscous resins in white spot lesions [116]. 

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