Acetylcholine receptors induction

Fink-Jensen A, Fedorova I, Wortwein G, Woldbye DP, Rasmussen T, Thomsen M, Bolwig TG, Knitowski KM, McKinzie DL, Yamada M, Wess J, Basile A (2003) Role for Ms muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in cocaine addiction. J Neurosci Res 74 91-6 Fisahn A, Yamada M, Duttaroy A, Gan JW, Deng CX, McBain CJ, Wess J (2002) Muscarinic induction of hippocampal gamma oscillations requires coupling of the M receptor to two mixed cation currents. Neuron 33 615-24... 

Wess J (2004) Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knockout micemovel phenotypes and clinical implications. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 44 423-50 Winder DG, Martin KC, Muzzio IA, Rohrer D, Chruscinski A, Kobilka B, Kandel ER (1999) ERK plays a regulatory role in induction of LTP by theta frequency stimulation and its modulation by 3-adrenergic receptors. Neuron 24 715-26... 

Chen P, Hu S, Yao J, Moore SA, Spector AA, Fang X (2005a) Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by anandamide in cerebral micro vascular endothelium. Microvasc Res 69 28-35 Chen SR, Wess J, Pan HL (2005b) Functional activity of the M2 and M4 receptor subtypes in the spinal cord studied with muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 313 765-770... 

Tourovskaia, A., Kosar, T. F., and Folch, A., Local induction of acetylcholine receptor clustering in myotube cultures using microfluidic apphcation of agrin, Biophys J, 90, 2192, 2006. 

Buc-Caron, M., Nystrom, P., and Fischbach, G. D., 1983, Induction of acetylcholine receptor synthesis and aggregation Partial purification of low-molecular weight activity, Dev. Biol. 95 378-386. 

Motilin is a neuropeptide expressed predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract that stimulates the contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle throughout the gut (Tonini 1996). Physiologically, its most characteristic role seems to be the induction of coordinated interdigestive antral and duodenal contractions (phase III of the migrating motor complex). The effects of motilin are both species and dose dependent. Motilin appears to have at least two receptors, one muscular and the other neuronal. Recent studies in vivo have emphasized the importance of the latter pathway and it is currently hypothesized that motilin acts on neurons in the myenteric plexus to release acetylcholine and other excitatory neurotransmitters. 

Ovsepian.. S. V., Anwyl, R and Rowan, M. J. (2004). Endogenous acetylcholine lowers the threshoid for long-term potentiation induction in the CAI area through muscarinic receptor activation In vivo. study, Eur, J. Neurasci. 20, 1267-1275,... 

Carbachol (see structure above), the carbamate analogue of acetylcholine, shows no selectivity for muscarinic or nicotinic receptors. Because it is a carbamate ester, carbachol is more resistant toward acid-, base-, or enzyme (AChE)-catalyzed hydrolysis than acetylcholine. It also is reported to exhibit weak anticholinesterase activity. Both of these actions work to prolong the duration of action of carbachol. Because of erratic absorption and its actions at nicotinic receptors, use of carbachol has been limited to the treatment of glaucoma and for the induction of miosis in ocular surgery. Carbachol is available as an intraocular solution and an ophthalmic solution. 

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