Acetonitrile, toluene

FIGURE 2-4 Cyclic voltammetry of C60 and C70 in an acetonitrile-toluene solution. (Reproduced with permission from reference 2.)... 

Conditions for the safe preparation of the diisocyanate from adipoyl chloride and sodium azide in acetonitrile-toluene mixtures were established. 

Figure 2.2 Cyclic voltammogram of Cgo in acetonitrile-toluene with TBAPFj as supporting electrolyte at -10 °C using CV at a 100 mV s scan rate (mV vs Fc/Fc [8],...

Figure 8.1 Cyclic voltammetry (a) and Osteryoung square wave voltammetry (b) of Cgo (acetonitrile/toluene + 0.1 M ( -Bu)4NPF6), using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) working and ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc/Fc +) couple as an internal reference. Reprinted with Permission from Ref. 4. Copyright 1992 American Chemical Society.

TABLE 8.4 Half-Wave Redox Potential Unless Otherwise Stated (in V Versus Fc + /Fc) of the Yb C2 , 2 Compounds and Some Empty Fullerenes Obtained in Acetonitrile/Toluene (1/4) + 0.1 M (n-Bu NCKL Unless Otherwise Stated... 

The use of a 1,3-phenylene as spacer group proved to be extremely beneficial. First, 30 was used as a model and reacted with Cu(CH3CN)4-PFg in a mixture of dichloromethane and acetonitrile. Preparation of the double-stranded helix 32 turned out to be quantitative. This complex could be crystallized from acetonitrile-toluene and its structure determined by X-ray crystallography (Figure 23) [102]. 

Catalytic Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Dialkylzincs to Enones. A chiral nickel complex modified with DBNE and an achiral ligand such as 2,2 -bipyridyl in acetonitrile/toluene is an highly enantioselective catalyst for the addition of dialkylzincs to enones. p-Substituted ketones with up to 90% ee are obtained (eq 23). The method is the first highly enantioselective catalytic conjugate addition of an oiganometallic reagent to an enone. 

Such hydroxyimidazoles or oxides are capable of complete reduction to the unoxygenated imidazoles, while the 1-hydroxyimidazole 3-oxides can also be partically reduced with, for example, NaBUi [53], or completely deoxygenated with Raney nickel [52, 54], Although most cyclizations of a-ketooximes lead to A -oxygenated imidazoles, there are exceptions. When an o(-oximino-)6-dicarbonyl compound is refluxed with benzylamine in a suitable solvent (c.g. DMSO, acetonitrile, toluene), 4-acylimidazoles (11) are formed in moderate to good yields. The reaction is readily adapted to the synthesis of imidazole-4-carboxylates and -amides (Scheme 4.1.7)... 

DMAD) to afford furan products, for example, 72, in good overall yields (Scheme 12). Unlike previous examples, this reaction proceeded at relatively lower temperatures (room temperature vs. refluxing acetonitrile, toluene, or xylene). 

Suspensions of HTSC for the electrophoretic deposition of bismuth [403-409] and thallium [403] HTSC, various cuprates of rare-earth metals and barium [204, 407,410-414], and also silver HTSC [415,416] and PbO-HTSC [417] compositions have been used. These are prepared in acetone, acetonitrile, toluene, butanol, methylethylketone, or mixed solvents. They contain chemically pure materials (silver is introduced as AgaO) dispersed thoroughly, first mechanically and then in liquid) by ultrasonic treatment (in which case the particles became charged). The choice of solvent is by and large determined by its effect on the stability of the deposited oxide [417]. 

Figure 1. Reduction of C o in acetonitrile/toluene using (a) cyclic voltammetry at 100 mV/s scan rate and (b) differential pulse voltammetry (50 mV pulse, 50 ms pulse width, 300 ms period. 25 mV/s scan rate). From Ref. 7.

Electrochemically, C70 behaves very similarly to C o- Six reduction waves are observed in toluene/acetonitrile, but unlike 50, all six waves can be detected at room temperature (see Fig. 3) [7]. Reduction potentials for C70 obtained under various conditions of solvent and temperature are presented in Table 3. In comparing the corresponding values shown in Tables 1 and 3 for the first and second reduction potentials of Cgo and C70 in acetonitrile/ toluene, one observes that they are nearly identical. However, from the trianion up to and including the hexanion, C70 becomes increasingly easier to reduce than Cgo- A charge separation delocalization model has been evoked to explain this phenomenon [10c]. A noteworthy observation is the fact that the reduction potentials of C70 also appear to be solvent and/or temperature dependent, although no specific studies on the subject have been published. 

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