5,5-acetal acetalization

Bfi and 022- However, in the second binary, intermolecular forces between unlike molecules are much stronger than those between like molecules chloroform and ethyl acetate can strongly hydrogen bond with each other but only very weakly with them-... 

Figure 3-5. Fugacity coefficients for the system acetaldehyde-acetic acid.

Figure 3-6. Fugacity coefficients for saturated mixtures containing two carboxylic acids formic acid (1) and acetic...

Two additional illustrations are given in Figures 6 and 7 which show fugacity coefficients for two binary systems along the vapor-liquid saturation curve at a total pressure of 1 atm. These results are based on the chemical theory of vapor-phase imperfection and on experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the binary systems. In the system formic acid (1) - acetic acid (2), <() (for y = 1) is lower than formic acid at 100.5°C has a stronger tendency to dimerize than does acetic acid at 118.2°C. Since strong dimerization occurs between all three possible pairs, (fij and not... 

The largest errors in predicted compositions occur for the systems acetic acid-formic acid-water and acetone-acetonitrile-water where experimental uncertainties are significantly greater than those for other systems. 

Figure 5-3. Enthalpy concentration diagram for acetic acid-water at 1.013 bar.

Figure 3 presents results for acetic acid(1)-water(2) at 1 atm. In this case deviations from ideality are important for the vapor phase as well as the liquid phase. For the vapor phase, calculations are based on the chemical theory of vapor-phase imperfections, as discussed in Chapter 3. Calculated results are in good agreement with similar calculations reported by Lemlich et al. (1957). ... 

In the maximum-likelihood method used here, the "true" value of each measured variable is also found in the course of parameter estimation. The differences between these "true" values and the corresponding experimentally measured values are the residuals (also called deviations). When there are many data points, the residuals can be analyzed by standard statistical methods (Draper and Smith, 1966). If, however, there are only a few data points, examination of the residuals for trends, when plotted versus other system variables, may provide valuable information. Often these plots can indicate at a glance excessive experimental error, systematic error, or "lack of fit." Data points which are obviously bad can also be readily detected. If the model is suitable and if there are no systematic errors, such a plot shows the residuals randomly distributed with zero means. This behavior is shown in Figure 3 for the ethyl-acetate-n-propanol data of Murti and Van Winkle (1958), fitted with the van Laar equation. 

Figure 6-3. Residuals for the system ethyl acetate(1)-n-propanol(2) at eooc. Data of Murti and van Winkle, 1958.

Convergence is usually accomplished in 2 to 4 iterations. For example, an average of 2.6 iterations was required for 9 bubble-point-temperature calculations over the complete composition range for the azeotropic system ehtanol-ethyl acetate. Standard initial estimates were used. Figure 1 shows results for the incipient vapor-phase compositions together with the experimental data of Murti and van Winkle (1958). For this case, calculated bubble-point temperatures were never more than 0.4 K from observed values. 

ACETIC AC 10 273 03 3 6698E402 -1 5091E4O4 1 6774E-01 -6 7642E401 -7 2736E-05... 

D methyl ACETATE 253-423 5 8575E400 -4 9733E403 -3.2652E-02 3 1157E400 1 72755-05... 

ETHYL ACETATE 253-443 -1 2913E 02 -2 2599E 03 -9 6853E-02 2.8020E+01 4.332SE-05... 

N-eUTYL ACETATE 315-399 1.7741E402 -1 0025E4-04 S.7383E-02 -2.8568E401 -2.598IE-05... 

VINYL ACETATE 295-345 -3 1153E>02 2 42tOE-H)3 -1 7358E-01 6.067BE401 7 22868-05... 

ACETIC ACtO 6 7620E402 1.7691E404 -9.78tlE-02 1.2297E402... 

METHYL ACETATE 2.2064E402 -3 4664E- 03 4.0393E-02 5.4I58E401... 

A2 ETHYL ACETATE -A.A329EA02 -6 18S9EA02 2 0987E 02 9.62I0EA01... 

N-SUTYL ACETATE -1 0652E4>03 U6704E404 -2 8596E-02 2.0S80E402... 

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