Accuracy strategy formulation

Regarding the optimal solutions obtained versus CPU effort, meanwhile in the ATF the optimal solution is found in less then 2 s, the DTP took about 18 min to prove optimality. However, the optimal solution was obtained relatively early in the search tree analysis ( 5 s of computation), which means that the majority of the CPU effort is used to prove optimality. It should also be pointed out that the relaxed solution is equal between the three strategies, representing a good accuracy between formulations. 

Models can be used to study human exposure to air pollutants and to identify cost-effective control strategies. In many instances, the primary limitation on the accuracy of model results is not the model formulation, but the accuracy of the available input data (93). Another limitation is the inabiUty of models to account for the alterations in the spatial distribution of emissions that occurs when controls are appHed. The more detailed models are currendy able to describe the dynamics of unreactive pollutants in urban areas. 

As reported in Chap. 2, all aftertreatment devices have to be described mathematically with high accuracy. Therefore, aU chemical reactions and heat transfer phenomena are represented in a chemical and physical form. Since computational time has to be kept short, global reactions and rate formulations based on Lang-muir-Hinshelwood type are considered. Moreover, the calibration of the models represents a major step in the modeling work, requiring time and costs and directly affects the accuracy of the simulation of exhaust aftertreatment systems. For the development of control strategies, it is necessary to consider all affected aspects of the powertrain in form of a virtual test bench. The overall simulation tool includes the catalytic parts but also devices like sensors and ECU functions, which interact... 

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