Abbreviations COPD, chronic

Obstruction of upper respiratory tract Abbreviation. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 

Figure 5 Transdiaphragmatic twitch pressure recorded in mechanically ventilated patients recovering from an episode of acute respiratory failure. Box represents range of transdiaphragmatic twitch pressures recorded in ambulatory patients with severe COPD. Most mechanically ventilated patients had evidence of diaphragmatic weakness [data from Ref. 62 (open circles), and from Ref 61 (closed circles)]. Abbreviation COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Source From Refs. 44.

Abbreviations COPD, chronic obstractive pulmonary disease NIV, noninvasive ventilation LTOT, longterm oxygen therapy CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure. 

Figure 2 Comparison of Medical Research Council Shrat Form Questionnaire (SFag) scores in hypoxic patients and in patients on NIPPV. Positive values indicate a worse quaUty of hfe in the NIPPV group. Abbreviations COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease NIPPV, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. Source Modified from Ref. 26.

Figure 1 The management of respiratory failure in the United States. Many patients are admitted initially to an acute care hospital. If they wean ptomptiy, they may spend time in an LTAC hospital for rehabilitation, and eventually return home. If they fail to wean, they undergo tracheostomy and are transferred to an LTAC when stable. Weaning attempts continue, and a mincnity of patients return home the rest remain at the LTAC or are transferred to a SNF. Patients who deteriorate while at LTACs or at home return to the acute care hospital fOT stabilization. Some patients with chronic respiratory failure do not require acute care but are ventilated noninvasively and remain home. Abbreviations COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease NIV, noninvasive ventilation LTAC, long-term acute care SNF, skilled nursing facility.

Figure 3 Percentage of users in each disease category by country. The symbol represents lung/ airways (COPD, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, pulmonary fibrosis, and pediatric diseases) , chest wall deformities (kyphoscoliosis, old TB, OHS, surgical resection) and , neuromuscular disorders (muscular dystrophy, motor neuron disease, post-polio kyphoscoliosis, central hypoventilation, spinal cord damage, and phrenic nerve palsy). Abbreviations COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease TB, tuberculosis OHS, obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Source From Ref. 15.

Abbreviations. MV, mechanical ventilation AECOPD, acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ALD, acute lung disease ALI, acute lung injury ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome CLD, chronic lung disease COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease MOF, multiple organ failure NMD, neuromuscular disease NR, not reported. 

Figure 8 Continuous recordings of airflow (Flow) and esophageal pressure (Pes) in a long-term ventilator-dependent patient with COPD during a brief period of unassisted breathing. Arrows indicate ineffective inspiratory efforts—inspiratory efforts not associated with inspiratory flow. In one study (41), ineffective inspiratory efforts were recorded in 40% of long-term ventilator-dependent patients with COPD but not in patients with COPD who were successfully weaned after a period of prolonged ventilatory support. Abbreviations Pes, esophageal pressure COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Source From Ref. 41.

Abbreviations-. TCEMS, transcutaneous electrical muscle stimulation CHF, congestive heart failure COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Vo2max, peak oxygen consumption NYHA, New York heart association CSA, cross-sectional area Wmax, maximal workload CRQ, chronic respiratory disease questionnaire. 

Figure 4 Improvements in muscle strength (maximal voluntary contraction) and walking distance following TCEMS plus usual rehabilitation as compared with usual rehabilitation alone among severely debilitated patients with COPD. Abbreviations TCEMS, transcutaneous electrical muscle stimulation COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Source From Ref. 80.

Abbreviations ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease LA, lower abdominal surgery NS, neurosurgery NG, nasogastric T, thoracic surgery UA, upper abdominal surgery. 

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