A Electron Analyzers and Transmission Efficiency

EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS A. Electron Analyzers and Transmission Efficiency 

Many detailed descriptions of devices and techniques used in electron spectroscopy are to be found in the literature. Accordingly, in this section we give only a general discussion highlighting items of special concern in 

Although transmission effects can be accounted for more readily by scanning the analyzer electric field while allowing the electrons to enter on a field free path, this mode of operation is not usually convenient since it results in a changing energy resolution (AE/E is constant rather than A ) over the spectrum. An alternative procedure to minimize differences in 

In the case of lower impact energies in forward scattering and for ejected electron analyzers used in photoelectron as well as electron-impact spectroscopy, the larger changes in voltage ratios at the analyzer input result in transmission variations (with electron energy) that may not be readily corrected with zoom lenses (this is particularly true where slits are 

Ejected electron analyzers can be calibrated at lower energies ( 25 eV) using UV photoelectron spectroscopy and comparison with quantitative photoelectron spectra. The intensity ratios provide a relative transmission function (7 ) directly. Quantitative (relative) photoelectron spectra have been reported by Hotop and Niehaus79 at an ejection angle of 90°, and these results have been used by Yee et al.66 to calibrate a 127° analyzer for which the correction curve has already been shown in Fig. 3. More recently Gardner and Samson80 reported quantitative (relative) photoelectron spectra that can be used as a standard for analyzer 

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