A complete synthesiser

When generating speech, in principle all the parameters (that is, the formant values, bandwidth, voicing, FO etc.) could be changed on a sample-by-sample basis. In principle, however, a slower rate of parameter update, such as every 5 ms, is used. 

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Fig. 10.9 Possible reaction pathway for the formation of a cell. The important precursors are an RNA replicase and a self-replicating vesicle. The combination of these two in a protocell leads to a rapid, evolutionary optimisation of the replicase. The cellular structure is completed if an RNA-coded molecular species, for example, a lipid-synthesised ribozyme, is added to the system (Szostak et al., 2001)... 

In this chapter we will discuss a few topics in the area of alkene polymerisations catalysed by homogeneous complexes of early and late transition metals (ETM, LTM). One of the main research themes for the ETM catalysts has been the polymerisation of propene, while industries have also paid a lot of attention to metallocenes giving LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene, for thinner plastic bags). In less than a decade a completely new family of catalysts has been developed which enables one to synthesise regioselective and stereoselective polymers of a wide variety of monomers. These new catalysts are starting to find application on industrial scale, but as yet only reports on commercialisation of (branched) polyethylene and polystyrene have appeared. 

The plasma membrane of bacteria can be compared to a cellular skin because it contains structures that synthesise its molecules in situ, just as a true skin contains the cells that continually renew it. In eukaryotes, instead, the plasma membrane is produced by a completely different mechanism. The membrane s pieces are made in the cell s... 

The evidence for this mode of chain extension comes chiefly from the studies of Robbins etal (1967), who used pulse-chase labelling to show that a mutant of S. typhimurium that could not synthesise a complete core structure would assemble oligosaccharide chains in which the most recently inserted residues were near the reducing end. A similar mechanism could be shown both in cell-free particulate systems and the intact organisms. The individual steps in this process have not been separated in vitro and the intermediates with longer saccharide chains cannot readily be isolated without degradation. 

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