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Cytokine production by neutrophils. This scheme shows the major cytokines produced by primed neutrophils, as well as some of the major biological effects of these neutrophil-derived cytokines.

Cytokine production in human lymphocytes cultured in PEEK-WC-HF bioreactor for 14 days

Cytokine receptor and signai transduction. Cytokine receptors often have two chains which cooperate in signai transduction. Activation of receptors by the binding of a cytokine resuits in the activation of various kinases, inciuding JAK , which bind to sequences in the promoter region of target genes, resuiting in changes in transcription rate.

Cytokine receptors have on their extracellular side a variety of different structural domains. Type I receptors have fibronectin-like domains, type III receptors have cysteine-rich domains, and type IV receptors have immunoglobulin-like regions. Type I receptors have intracellular, membrane-proximal Box 1 and Box 2 regions, which are docking sites for the JAK2 tyrosine kinase with which type I receptors primarily associate.

Cytokine receptors usually display a unique cytokine . gp 130 is responsible for initiating signal transduction and is identical in all three receptors. This is depicted schematically above

Cytokine receptors usually display a unique cytokine . gpl30 is responsible for initiating signal transduction and is identical in all three receptors. This is depicted schematically above

Cytokine regulation of acute phase protein synthesis. IL-1, TNF, and IL-6 produced by macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells at the site of inflammation stimulate hepatocytes to synthesize acute phase proteins. These cytokines also potentiate the release of glucocorticoids by adrenal cells. Glucocorticoids synergize with cytokines to stimulate acute phase protein synthesis but inhibit macrophage synthesis of cytokines.

Cytokine responses to a human macrophage cell line exposed to liposomal formulations of GLA. Liposomes contained the lipids indicated on the x-axis, cholesterol, and GLA. Adjuvant concentration was serially diluted by factors of 5 for each group, from left to right. LPS is the positive control. Variations in adjuvant activity are apparent depending on the phospholipid composition of the liposomes

Cytokine secretion in immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza viro-somes or in the presence of IRIV V, 1

Cytokine-mediated cascade leading to different blood cell types. PO. erythropoietin G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor IL-K Interleukins M SF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Cytokines produced by activated Th cells and some of their effects. The cytokines produced have several functions

Cytokines secreted by macrophages and their effects. Solid arrows represent secretions broken arrows indicate stimulation of a process.

Cytokinin activities in the tobacco bioassay of 6-

Cytokinin structures and receptor map for cytokinins. The model compound is the butenylaminopurine

Cytokinin synthetic analogs exploitable as potential anti-cancer drugs or growth activators

Cytokinins

Cytokinins from Pseudomonas spp.

Cytokinins identified and confirmed in plants scheme of structure, names and abbreviations used in this chapter data compiled from 74,75,81,100,179-184 ,

Cytokinins. Substituted adenine

Cytologic features of M phase. M phase is divided into the mitotic phases shown, based on characteristic cytologic features. The transition from metaphase to anaphase is an important control point. Cells may stop and pause before this control point. If the control point is crossed, M phase is concluded with cell division.

Cytological and genetic map of left segment of X chromosome D. melanogaster.

CytolsoUc gold distribution following in vivo administration of

Cytomegalovirus infection in a 23-year-old man with acute myeloid leukemia and allogeneic HSC transplantation. CT scan obtained at the level of the inferior pulmonary veins shows diffuse ground-glass attenuation and multiple small ill-defined nodules in both lungs

Cytomegalovirus pneumonia. CT ofthe lung shows a ground-glass opacification predominating in the upper lobes with subpleural micronodules on the right side

Cytometric analysis of drug fluorescence in blood cells following oral administration of CSY3247 and its unconjugated lipoig genase inhibitor payload. Red coloured cells have fluorescence associated with the anti-inflammatoiy drug of interest. When the drug is macrolide-conjugated , fluorescence is more intensely associated with the neutrophil fraction.



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