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Itvo equivalent schemes for the cycluaddition reaction of ethylene. l vu ethylene molecules, after excitation to the triplet state, dimerize forming cydobutane . According to these rules we assume that the ethylene molecules preserve two planes of symmetiy

IU14 Oxygen concentration prohle shown from the external radius of the pdict fA j to the pellet center. The gas-carbon interface is located at R.

IUPAC and systemic locant numbering used to assign names to a linear polymer having three dimensional monomers

IUPAC Name

IUPAC s representation of the monomer of polyethylene terephthalate

IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature rules defining residues and peptide units in peptides. In the example shown, residue No. 2 contains the backbone atoms N2, C2, and C2. Peptide unit No. 2 contains the backbone atoms C2, C2, and Nf. Rj, R2, and R3 are the side chains of the amino acid residues .

IUPACName

IV - 10. Cumulative volume as a function of the applied pressure.

IV - 13. Flux versus pressure curve for a membrane exhibiting a pore size distribution.

IV - 14. Nitrogen adsotption-desotption isotherm for porous maicrial containing cylindrical type of pores. Unifomi pore distribution .

IV - 16. Adsorption-desorption isotherm of an alumina membrane calcined at 400 C .

IV - 17. Pore size distributions of alumina membranes calcined at various ienq mtuies .

IV - 19, Schematic drawing showing how to obtain a pore size distribution from a DSC melting curve.

IV - 20. Cumulaiive pore volume and pore size distribution for a PPO membrane 12 .

IV - 24 gives an example of the pore size distribution obtained for an asymmetric poly membrane as determined by gas adsotption desorption. thermoporometry and permporometry methods.

IV - 24. Pore size distribution of a PPO membrane measured by gas adsorption desorpdon. permporometry and thermoporometry methods ,

IV - 25. The principle of the liquid displacement method

IV - 26. Pore size distribution of a celgard membrane as determined by liquid displacement .

IV - 28. Typical cnoiecular weight distribution of dextran in he feed and permeate of a given test run.

IV - 29. Schematic drawing of a random coil.

IV - 30 represents a simplified representation of the electrical potential as a function of the distance from the surface. Two regions can be observed in the electric double layer, a layer of fixed ions at the surface which are rather immobile since the ions are bound to the surface by electric forces. Funher away from the surface the ions become more mobile and this layer is called the diffusive region. Between these two regions is the so-called Stem-layer and the potential at this distance fiom the wall is called the Stem potential and it is assumed that this is only a litde smaller than the Stem potential. Often it is assumed that the ions in the solution are uniformly distributed and the electrical potential decreases exponentially with distance. This can be described by

IV - 31. Apparatus for measuring the SU Caming potential. A pressure is applied across a membrane and the electrical potential is measured, nonporous membrane

IV - 33 gives the potentials of porous alumina as a function of the pH. It can be clearly seen at which pH the membranes are posidvely charged or negadvely charged.

IV - 4. The principle of scanning electron microscopy.

IV - 41. Schemauc drawing of the WAXS technique.



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