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In a ligand-catalyzed reaction, the surface coraplexation with a bidentate ligand is followed by the rate-determining detachment of the metal ligand complex. From Stumm , with permission.

In a lipid bilayer, lipid molecules arrange themselves so that carbon tails face outside. The polar atoms of the lipid heads can make hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

In a magnetic field that varies linearly over a sample, all the protons within a given slice come into resonance and give a signal of the corresponding intensity. The resulting intensity pattern is a map of the number of protons in all the slices and portrays the shape of the sample. Changing the orientation of the field shows the shape along the corresponding direction, and computer manipulation can be used to build up the three-dimensional shape of the sample.

In a metal, the plasma is created by the combination of an ion gas and an electron gas. The plasma is then disturbed by the absorption of a photon. The resulting electrodynamic force is causing an oscillation, which is known as plasmon.

In a mixing tap, hot and cold water flows are regulated by rotating two alumina discs bored with ports

In a model with a single relaxation time, r, 10 s, relaxed ereep eompliance r 1.0 GPa and unrelaxed shear modulus 1.0 GPa, the changes in the creep compliance, from unrelaxed, u, to relaxed, Jr, and corresponding changes in storage modulus .

In a molecular mean field theory, one molecule

In a molecule like methane, CH4, the four valency arms of the carbon atom point symmetrically to the four comers of a tetrahedron. This is usually not shown in 2-D representations of chemical structures, but, to emphasise the point, the bonds can be drawn so that the ones coming towards you seem to be getting thicker, and the ones going away into the page taper into the distance, getting smaller.

In a Motorola-type cellular phone handset, the six AA cells in series are protected by reversal-limiting diodes, and the overflow at 1.7 V is determined by the six red LEDs ,

In a muftivalve turbine, power is increased by increasing the admission area to provide more flow. This results in a step effect as illustrated.

In a multistep electron-exchange reaction, each step produces its individual current density. At a steady state, all these currents must be equal.

In a nonequilibrium system the temperature and number density may vary with position. The entropy and energy of such a system may be described by an entropy density s T,n and an energy density u T, n . The total entropy S ly s T x ,nk x dV, the total energy U ly udV and the total mole number N — y n.k x dV. For such a nonequilibrium system, the total entropy S is not a function of U, N and the total volume V

In a normal HIV virus, the capsid forms a protective coating around the genetic material.

In a p-type semiconductor the electrons are held by the trivalent atoms and their overall energy is lowered. In an n-type semiconductor electrons are released by the pentavalent atoms and the Fermi level comes closer to the conduction band. SC semiconductor

In a paramagnetic substance , adjacent magnetic moments spontaneously align in an anti parallel fashion at low temperatures.

In a plane, all combinations of three points from two classes can be separated with a line. Four points cannot be separated with a linear classifier.

In a plasma, electrons are stripped away from atoms and become free-floating particles.

In a plastic crystal the molecular centers of mass are placed in a lattice but the molecules can rotate, more or less freely. From Brand et al.

In a polar diagram the magnitude of a function of angle is represented by the dtetance from the origin. This example shows cosft the angular form of a p orbital.

In a polyatomic molecule one-electron excitations are described by the labels of the orbitals involved in the transition from the ground state . When these orbitals are localized in different zones of space the transition implies a charge transfer

In a polycrystalline material the average slip path is at 45 to the tensile axis.

In a polypeptide of five amino acids, the bold black C is the alpha carbon. The amino acids are linked together by a peptide bond can be any sidechain. The Ca-C-N-Ca-C-N-CQ-C-N is the backbone.

In a potential well with a single minimum, the wave function for the ground state has a single maximum The wells above are for an atom, in cross-section

In a potentiostatic circuit, an imposed potential difference V drives the current from the auxiliary electrode to the test electrode until the potential difference V becomes equal to V, so that the total input into the potentiostat falls to zero.

In a processed method the inputs tire first transformed before repeated application of a given method after post-processing, the output may have higher order of accuracy than would be obtained using a straightforward application of the scheme



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