Yalow

Silverman, R. Yalow, R. S. "Heterogeneity of Parathyroid Hormone Clinical and Physiologic Implications". J. Clin. Invest. (1973), 52, 1958-1971. 

The concept of immunoassay was first described in 1945 when Landsteiner suggested that antibodies could bind selectively to small molecules (haptens) when they were conjugated to a larger carrier molecule. This hapten-specific concept was explored by Yalow and Berson in the late 1950s, and resulted in an immunoassay that was applied to insulin monitoring in humans. This pioneering work set the stage for the rapid advancement of immunochemical methods for clinical use. 

Major progress in the analytical use of antibodies occurred with the development of several fundamental techniques the ability to detect cell-bound antibody (Coombs Test, 1945) immunoprecipitation in gels (Ouchterlony, 1953) radioimmunoassay (Yalow and Berson, 1960) and monoclonal antibodies (Kohler and Milstein, 1975). These, together with a con-... 

Immunoassay as an analytical technique was introduced by Rosalind Yalow and Solomon Berson in 1960 with their use of anti-insulin antibodies to measure the concentration of the hormone in plasma. This advance, for which Rosalind Yalow was awarded the Nobel prize, was probably the most important single advance in biological measurement of the following two decades. Examples of the use of immunoassay may now be found in almost all areas of analytical biochemistry. 

Noch had lined up an impressive team of drug experts, including Nobel laureate Rosalind Yalow. 

Insulin resistance (IR) was originally defined by Berson and Yalow (quoted in ) as a state (of a cell, tissue, system or body) in which greater than normal amounts of insulin are required to elicit a quantitatively normal response. It is said to be present when the ability of insulin to stimulate the uptake and disposal of glucose... 

Radioimmunoassay. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was first described by Berson and Yalow (34) and Luft and Yalow (35). The assay is based upon the competition for an antibody between a radiolabelled antigen and its unlabelled counterpart. The greater the amount of unlabelled antigen in the test sample, the less radiolabelled antigen bound. The concentration of antigen in a test sample can be determined from comparisons with standard curves. 

B12. Berson, S. A., and Yalow, R. S. Assay of plasma insulin in human subjects by immunological methods. Nature (London) 184, 1648-1649 (1959). 

For their work on hypothalamic hormones, Schally and Guillemin shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1977, along with Rosalyn Yalow, who (with Solomon A. Berson) developed the extraordinarily sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) for peptide hormones and used it to study hormone action. RIA revolutionized hormone research by making possible the rapid, quantitative, and specific measurement of hormones in minute amounts. 

Yalow, R.S. (1978) Radioimmunoassay a probe for the fine structure of biologic systems. Science 200, 1236-1245. 

Rosalyn Yalow received the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1977 for developing immunoassay techniques in the 1950s, using proteins labeled with radioactive, 3,l to enable their detection.13 Yalow. a physicist, worked with Solomon Berson, a medical doctor, in this pioneering effort. 

Rosalyn S. Yalow, Roger C. L. Guillemin, and Andrew V. Schally Physiology/Medicine Radioimmunoassay thyrotropin-releasing hormone... 

Rosalyn S. Yalow, "Develop-MJI ment and Proliferation of Radioimmunoassay Technology," /. Chem. Educ., Vol. 76,1999, 767-768. 

Yalow RS. Risks in mass distribution of potassium iodide. Bull NY Acad Med 1983 59(10) 1020-7. 

Immunoassay Sensitivity. Yalow (2) points out that as little as 0.1 picogram (0.05 picomolar) gastrin can easily be detected by immunoassay in a milliliter of incubation medium. Immunoassays to small lipophilic molecules are generally less... 

The essential criteria for a useful analytical technique are specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, simplicity, rapidity, economy, wide applicability, and freedom from hazard. It is well known that radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed in 1959 by Yalow and Berson (Yl). Since then the radioimmunoassay method has been widely used in the field of clinical chemistry. Radioimmunoassay has inherent in it the advantages listed above. However, this method always requires special facilities for use and disposal of radioisotopes and consideration must be given to the fact that the labeled substances have short half-lives. Immunoassay methods are explosively increasing in use and development as an analytic technique in basic science as well as in clinical laboratory medicine (L1-L3, VI). With these points as background, efforts have been made to develop nonisotopic immunoassay methods or alternative immunoassay methods that are based on antigen-antibody reactions but do not involve use of a radioisotope. 

Rosalyn Yalow (1921- ), development of the radioimmunoassay, Nobel prize winner in 1977... 

The radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the determination of insulin developed by Yalow and Berson (1959) combined for the first time the high sensitivity of a ra-dioactively labeled compound with the high specificity of an immunological reaction by the formation of a thermodynamically stable antigen-antibody complex (dissociation constants are typically 10 9 -10 12 M). In this way it was possible to detect quantitatively substances in the attomolar range even in the presence... 

Yalow RS, Berson SA (1959) Quantitative aspects of the reaction between insulin and insulin-binding antibody. J Clin Invest 38 1996-2016... 

---