Workman-Reynolds effect

Two more results support the hypothesis of the electrostatic potential at the ice/water interface the existence of the well-pronounced free energy minimum for the Cl- ion close to the Gibbs dividing surface (Fig. 13), and the behaviour of the unconstrained Na+ and Cl- ions on the liquid side of the ice/water interface shown in Fig. 9, when for long times the Cl- ion showed a tendency to be attracted to the ice/water interface, while Na+ ion at different positions with respect to the ice/water interface ended up on the liquid side of ice/water interface. Calculations of the surface potential of the water/vapor interface arise from work by Wilson, Pohorille and Pratt [57, 58], but for the ice/water interface no such reports have appeared, even though the existence of such an interfacial potential would be very helpful in addressing the Workman-Reynolds effect [21, 23],... 

We performed a molecular dynamics study of solutes at the basal ice/water interface. Our study of Na+ and Cl- ion behaviour at the basal ice/water interface aimed at shedding light on the microscopic picture of the Workman-Reynolds effect, which is claimed to be a massive charge separation and emergence of the so-called freezing potential during freezing of aqueous solutions. 

Workman-Reynolds effect. As ionic solutions freeze, differential incorporation of ions into the ice lattice creates a potential difference between frozen and unfrozen water [57, 92]. Thus the surfaces of droplets freezing on an ice substrate during riming might bear net charge that could be captured by a projectile during collisions. 

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