Weaning

Wlien p = 0, / = 1. For systems in which the Flamiltonian Wean be written as... 

The mmen is not functional at birth and milk is shunted to the abomasum. One to two weeks after birth, the neonate consumes soHd food if offered. A calf or lamb that is nursing tends to nibble the mother s feed. An alternative method of raising the neonate is to remove it from its mother at a very young age, <1 week. A common example of an early weaning situation is the dairy calf that is removed from the cow soon after birth so that the cow s milk supply might be devoted entirely to production. In this instance, the neonate requires complete dietary supplementation with milk replacer. Sources of milk replacer protein have traditionally included milk protein but may also include soybean proteins, fish protein concentrates, field bean proteins, pea protein concentrates, and yeast protein (4). Information on the digestibiUty of some of these protein sources is available (4). 

EiTatic high-frequency vibration amplitude and possibly an audible sound. Rotor mb Labyrinth mbs generally self-comect Disc mbs due to thrust bearing failure often self-comect temporarily through wean steel on steel shrill noise during wear Rotor deflection is critical speed... 

AblageruQgsmenge,/. amount of deposit, ablaktieren, v.t. wean, ablactate inarch, ablangen, v.t. cut to length cut in lengths. Ablass, m. draim ng, discharge cessation discount drain, outlet. 

Genetic disruption of dopamine synthesis in mice lacking TH shows that dopamine is not essential for development. However, dopamine deficient mice do not survive long after weaning unless treated with l-DOPA. These mice display severe aphagia and adipsia and loss of motor function. While these mice have a major reduction in dopamine levels some residual dopamine can be detected that is generated through the action of tyrosinases. 

Lhuintre JP, Moore ND, Saligaut C, et ah Ability of calcium bis acetyl homotaurinate, a GABA agonist, to prevent relapse in weaned alcoholics. Lancet 1 1014-1016, 1985... 

A smaller number of individuals, 132 samples, was analyzed for stable isotopes of nitrogen. There were two objectives to the nitrogen isotope analysis 1) to determine the amount of animal protein in the diet and to look for variation between the sexes and 2) to determine when infants were weaned from the breast. These objectives were addressed by selecting at least ten individuals, when available, from a number of age classes. Figure 1.1 illustrates the age distribution of the sample. Table 1.3 shows the results of these analyses. Individual 5 N values are provided in Herring et al. (1998). 

Herring, D.A., Saunders, S.R. and Katzenberg, M.A. 1998 Investigating the weaning process in past populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 105 425-439. 

Katzenberg, M.A., Herring, D.A. and Saunders, S.R. 1996 Weaning and infant mortality Evaluating the skeletal evidence. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 39 177—199. 

Katzenberg, M.A. and Pfeiffer, S. 1995 Nitrogen isotope evidence for weaning age in a nineteenth century Canadian skeletal sample. In Grauer, A.L., ed.. Bodies ofEvidence. New York, John Wiley Sons, Inc. 221-235. 

Schurr, M.R. 1997 Stable nitrogen isotopes as evidence for the age of weaning at the Angel Site A comparison of isotopic and demographic measures of weaning age. Journal of Archaeological Science 24 919-927. 

Wright, L.E. and Schwarcz, HP. 1998 Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in human tooth enamel identifying breastfeeding and weaning in prehistory. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 106 1-18. 

Sperm-positive female Holtzman rats were started, one day after insemination, on the diets that their offspring would consume. Birth occurred 21 days after insemination and weaning occurred 21 days later sexes were separated prior to sexual maturity. Surplus individuals were sacrificed at weaning. Male and female pairs from each group were sacrificed at 91, 131 and 171 days after birth. Pairs on one diet were also sacrificed at 211 and 251 days after birth. Euthanasia was performed by exposure to COi. Isotopic analyses were... 

Our results do not support the protein stress model. However, this model may apply in cases where stress is intermittent and results in tissue loss, as observed in the study of crows (Hobson and Clark 1992). Low protein levels throughout life after weaning may have produced overall slow and reduced rate of growth rather than tissue loss. Adult rats fed protein-deficient diets after maturation show systematic losses of nitrogen from most tissues that are in proportion to their turnover rates and masses (Uezu et al. 1983). Perhaps tissue nitrogen isotope enrichment may occur under these conditions. New experiments are needed to evaluate this hypothesis. 

Is this decrease in analogous to that following weaning observed... 

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