Water-soluble fluorochemicals

Surfactants are used to stabilize water-in-oil emulsions and to promote rapid return of injected fluids and a faster return of the well to hydrocarbon production. Although they are expensive, water-soluble fluorochemicals have been shown to be effective in this application (97,98). 

Clark HB, Pike MT, Rengel GL (1982) Water-soluble fluorochemical surfactant well stimulation additives. J Pet Technol 34(7) 1565-1569... 

A range of non-ionic fluorochemical surfactents (FC-170C, FC-433, FC-430, FC-431) manufactured by 3M Corporation has been found to be particularly useful for dispersing sub-micron powders. The addition of 0.01% of any of these surfactants to water reduces the interfacial tension from 7.2 x 10 N m (72 dyn cm" ) to 2.5 x 10 N m". FC-430 is a 100% active, viscous liquid, FC-431 is a solution of 50% active solid in ethyl acetate. These surfactants exhibit good solubility in most liquids. 

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