Water, pulse polarography analysis

Phenylarsine oxide is used as a titrant for the direct and indirect determination of residual chlorine and ozone in water and wastewater. Preliminary investigations on the direct measurement of PAO by differential pulse polarography (DPP) indicate that this technique is a promising method for lowering the detection limits in the indirect measurement of these oxidants. The control of pH is a necessary consideration in free and combined chlorine analysis with as well as the stability and measurement of... 

Hence anodic stripping voltammetry is the method of choice for the analysis of very low concentrations of heavy metal ions in water and effluents. Pulse and differential pulse polarography also have their advocates for particular analyses but they do not have the same general acceptance. 

Polarographic analysis has been applied to a wide variety of samples including natural waters, biological, mineral, and environmental samples. A summary of the applications is shown in Table 1. In addition. Table 1 illustrates the typical detection limits encountered for each element, although this will vary depending upon the sample solution conditions. All the applications quoted in Table 1 are for differential pulse polarography (DPP discussed later). Lower detection limits may be achieved using techniques... 

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