Water dynamics, mesoscale

Fig. 1 Mesoscale water dynamics in the summer of 1998 (NOAA IR image for June, 29...

Fig. 4 A,B Mesoscale water dynamics in the autumn of 1999 A NOAA IR image for September 29, 1999 (A and C indicate anticyclone and cyclone, respectively) B NOAA IR image for December 2, 1999 with drifter trajectories (1-4) for the period from September 29 to December 31, 1999...

Ginzburg AI, Zatsepin AG, Kostianoy AG, Sheremet NA (2007) Mesoscale water dynamics, in this volume... 

In the summer months, coastal upwelling results in sharp temperature drops near the coasts (by 10-15 °C off the Crimea [7]). The transformed waters of upwelling driven from the shore by jets and eddies over distances more than 100 km toward the deep-water part of the sea feature a temperature contrast with respect to the adjacent waters of 1-2 °C (see [21,22], see also Ginzburg AI, Zatsepin AG, Kostianoy AG, Sheremet NA Mesoscale Water Dynamics , in this volume). 

The phenomenon of wind-induced uplift of colder deep water to the sea surface (upwelling) in the Large Sea, in the process of which the water temperature can drop by 10-13°C over a diurnal period, is well known [6,29]. However, the spatial scale of the phenomenon and associated features of mesoscale water dynamics were not known until recently. 

The bottom left Panel illustrates models used in dynamic density functional theory (DDFT) simulations (a) The chemical structure of repeat unit of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (sPEEK) chain. Hydrophilic blocks A and hydrophobic blocks B correspond to the sulfonated and nonsulfonated monomers, respectively, (b) The atomistic model of sPEEK chain, (c) The mapping of the atomistic chain onto a coarse-grained [ABtxChain and water molecules onto mesoscale solvent particle of type C. 

This section presents a review of atomistic simulations and of a recently introduced mesoscale computational method to evaluate key factors affecting the morphology of CLs. The bulk of molecular dynamics studies in PEFC research has concentrated on proton and water transport in hydrated PEMs (Cui et al., 2007 Devanathan et al., 2007a,b,c Elliott and Paddison, 2007 Jang et al., 2004 Spohr et al., 2002 Vishnyakov and Neimark, 2000, 2001). There has been much less effort in using MD techniques for elucidating structure and transport properties of CLs, particularly in three-phase systems of Pt/carbon, ionomer, and gas phase. 

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