Wake-field acceleration

Oulianov DA, Crowell RA, Gosztola DJ, Shkrob lA, Korovyanko OJ, Rey-de-Castro RC. (2007) Ultrafast pulse radiolysis using a terawatt laser wake-field accelerator. /Ap P/tyr 101 053102-053102-9. 

Malka V. et al.. Electron acceleration by a wake field forced by an intense ultrashort laser pulse. Science, 2002, 298,1596-1600. 

Of course, using the correlations (8)—(13) under circumstances different from those cited above is not allowed. This means, first of all, that the particle motion through the fluid or the fluid flow around the particle should be steady and strictly ID over a sufficiently long distance to allow for the development of boundary layer and wake toward a steady state and to permit the use of the standard drag curve. Lateral forces due an asymmetrical flow field should be absent. The development of both the boundary layer around and the wake behind a particle is affected by local accelerations or decelerations of the immersed particle and/or of the embedding fluid, by a steady shear field in the surrounding fluid, by the dynamics of free-stream turbulence, by particle rotations (either externally and deliberately imposed, or as the result of shear flow), by adjacent walls of a container, and by the presence... 

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