W Chemistry and Biochemistry

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, containing typically up to 2% carbon. The addition of other metals in alloys can give special properties such as superior strength, hardness, durability, or corrosion resistance. 

Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Edition. DOI 10.1016/B978-0-444-53782-9.00017-6. Copyright 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

FIGURE 17.1 Reaction stoichiometries for the monooxygenases (a) and molybdenum hydroxylases (b). (Adapted from Hille, 2005.) 

Another factor which characterises Mo (and W) enzymes is that, with the exception of bacterial nitrogenase, the FeMo-cofactor of which will be discussed later, instead of using the metal itself directly coordinated to amino acid side chains of the protein, they contain a molybdenum pyranopterindithiolate cofactor (MoCo), which is the active component of their catalytic site. The cofactor (pyranopterindithiolate) coordinates the metal ion via a dithiolate side chain. 

The biosynthetic pathway for this pterin cofactor, which was described in Chapter 4, appears to be universally conserved in biology, underlining its importance. Interestingly however, baker s yeast, a much used model eukaryote, is the only organism known which does not contain Mo enzymes (it is also one of the few organisms which does not contain ferritin). The MoCo cofactor can exist in the fully oxidised (Mo ) and fully reduced (Mo ) forms, with some enzymes generating the (Mo ) form as a catalytic intermediate. 

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Truscheit, E, Frommer, W, Junge, B, Muller, L, Schmidt, D D, Wingender, W, Chemistry and biochemistry of microbial a-glucosidase inhibitors, Angew. Chem., 93, 738-755, 1981. 

Goodwin, T. W. Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments. London,... 

W. Ando and Y. Moro-oka, eds.. The Pole of Oyrggen in Chemistry and biochemistry Elsevier, New York, 1988. 

E. Breitmaier, W. Voelter Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy - High Resolution Methods and Applications in Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 3rd edn, VCH Weinheim, 1990. 

Urry, D. W. Coformation of Biological Molecules and Polymers —The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, V, (eds. Bergman, E. D., Pullman, B.), p. 723, Jerusalem, Israel Academy of Sciences 1973... 

Claus W. Heizmann Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland... 

Swain, T., Analytical methods for flavonoids, in Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments, Goodwin, T.W., Ed., Academic Press, London, 1965, chap. 19. 

A first review of our work in this field was published under the title Syntheses Using Heterocyclic Amides (Azolides) in Angewandte Chemie in 1962 an updated version co-authored by W. Rohr was included in Vol. V of the series Newer Methods of Preparative Organic Chemistry (Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 1967). Since then, however, azolide reactions, due to their versatility, ease of handling, and mild reaction conditions, have become widely used in very diverse fields of chemistry and biochemistry, as will be shown in this book. 

D. French, Chemistry and Biochemistry of Starch, in W. J. Whelan(ed.), Biochemistry of Carbohydrates, Biochemistry Series one, Vol. 5, Universty Park Press, Baltimore, 1975 pp. 267-335, ... 

W P Jenks, Catalysis in Chemistry and Biochemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969... 

O Dwyer, P. J. Stevenson, J. P. Johnson, S. W. Clinical Status of Cisplatin, Carboplatin, and Other Platinum-based Antitumor Drugs. In Cisplatin Chemistry and Biochemistry of a Leading Anticancer Drug Lippert, B., Ed. Wiley-VCH New York 1999, pp 31-72. 

John W. Birks Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado... 

W Ando, Y Moro-Oka eds. The Role of Oxygen in Chemistry and Biochemistry. Amsterdam Elsevier, 1988. 

G. Britton and T. W. Goodwin (Eds.), Carotenoid Chemistry and Biochemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. 

Arindam Talukdar The Ohio State University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 484 W 12th Avenue Columbus, OH 43210 U.S.A. Jie Zhou University of Kaiserslautern Faculty of Biology Department of Cell Biology Erwin Schroedinger Stra e 13/4 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany... 

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