Voltammetry and Non-Electrochemical Methods

Voltammetric current-potential curves are important in elucidating electrode processes. However, if the electrode process is complicated, they cannot provide enough information to interpret the process definitely. Moreover, they cannot give direct insight into what is happening on a microscopic or molecular level at the electrode surface. In order to overcome these problems, many characterization methods that combine voltammetry and non-electrochemical techniques have appeared in the last 20 years. Many review articles are available on combined characterization methods [10]. Only four examples are described below. For applications of these combined methods in non-aqueous solutions, see Chapter 9. 

When a substance with an unpaired electron (like a radical ion) is generated by an electrode reaction, it can be detected and its reactivity studied by ESR measurement [14]. This method is very important in electrochemistry in non-aqueous solutions and is discussed in Section 9.2.2. 

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