Visual information quantification

The type and size of the liposomes were determined using a JOEL ISM 5300 (Japan) scanning electron microscope and the program package OZARIA for visual information quantification. The samples of liposome dispersions for microscope observation were... 

The relationship between electric impulse transmission and visual stimuli was examined in a group of 21 patients with chronic carbon disulfide exposure in a rayon production plant for 20-36 years and control groups of 25 or 36 healthy unexposed males (Sikora et al. 1990). A significant correlation was observed in latency and amplitude of response. The correlations suggest cerebral dysfunction of the visual pathway and diminished ability to transform visual information to motor reaction at the level of the cortical association center. The study was limited by the lack of quantification of exposure levels and the variability in responses in the exposed group. 

What does quantification of visual information mean The main fact lies in the difference between the art and the science. The purpose of the science is to find the quantitative relations between the input and the output, from the analyzed entity. Art does not need any relations. When we are talking about artistic images or paintings, we have binary relation to them, whether we like them or not. Most of us once in a lifetime said I don t know what art is but I like it (or not). The only objective measure of quality of artistic images is time, or better to say, beauty and innocence have the only one enemy — time. The dark side of the technical disciplines and research is that they always must create quantitative measures about all the entities that they analyze in real time and in the shortest possible period of time, even if we are talking about some complex set of visual information as the artistic painting. 

The problem is the reverse process, how to extract them and put in some logical sense, called models or theories. Modem digital technology has made it possible to manipulate multidimensional signals with systems that range from simple digital circuits to advanced parallel computers. When talking about sets of visual information, the process of their quantification for further analysis or observation can be set as follows ... 

The basic process of quantification of visual information is the process of the object extraction or object identification in the visual set. The set of visual information could contain the color, patterns, and objects, which have to be quantified. Objects in the visual set could be defined as the set of data with the same properties or with the properties which fall in the defined range of values. Patterns could be defined as the traces of the structures frozen in time. If the LUT methodology for the data presentation is used, the obtained visual presentation already has defined objects by the selected LUT table. Standard processes for the object or pattern extraction from the set of visual information are thresholding and segmentation and their cosmeceutical derivations. In the analysis of the objects and patterns in sets of visual information, it is essential that we can... 

FIGURE 13.11 Schematic diagram of quantification of visual information. 

Why fractals stand in the quantification of visual information First of all, the fractals could be only analyzed visually. They are created on the computer screen and present the patterns of iteration processes. First, we see them, then we observe them. It is interesting that mathematical games and visual presentations, which, in the most cases, are the beautiful images of them, are the facts that consume our attention to them. The connection with the real world comes later. This is opposite to what was presented earher. In the research, we have a set of visual information acquired by the some system and the analysis is focused on finding the process which creates such forms. In the case of chaos and fractals, we have the visual presentation of the model and we know how it was generated (iterations). The only thing that we have to do is to recognize the real world presentation of obtained fractals. One of the best cases for that is the Cantor set. 

Contemporary scientists have new toy, for the visualization and quantification, called supercomputers. East, reliable, energy consumable, and far from the simple devices, they are the new universal laboratories. This is another proof for the research philosophy of chaos or fractals, first see patterns, then analyze them. Super computers or the ultimate tele-microscope could be used to simulate all of the possible cases of theory or model and to visualize the results. Inputs are collected information, and outputs are transformed information, which can be compared with the information obtained from the experiments in the real world. 

Finally, Part II ends with a section on tools. The first chapter, written by Petkovska, discusses nonlinear dynamics methods for estimation of equilibrium and kinetics in heterogeneous solid-fluid systems. Then Oldshue discusses current principles of mixing related to the scale up and scale down. This section ends with Jovanic s chapter on quantification of visual information. 

The advent of relatively inexpensive computers has enabled the accumulation and rapid analysis of large sets of data. By this means patterns and trends not always apparent from visual inspection of chromatograms or tables of data can be discriminated by being sorted into recognizable patterns. This approach is essential for some techniques such as pyrolysis where the quantity of data produced would otherwise be overwhelming. Several statistical approaches to exploit the information content of fatty acid and triacylglycerol patterns for the detection and quantification of CBEs in cocoa butter have been reported (Lipp et al., 2001 Simoneau et al., 1999). 

For simplicity in programming, we used Visual Basic 6.0 to write the source code and working windows (Liu, et al., 2011). The executable program has the main window to perform kinetic analysis of reaction curve (Fig. 11). Original data for each reaction curve is stored as a text file, and keywords are used to indicate specific information related to the reaction curve including sample numbering, the enzyme used, the quantification method, some necessary kinetic parameters, and usually initial signal before enzyme action. Such information is read into memory by the software for kinetic analysis of reaction curve. 

We exchange, transform and compare information in purpose to determine a relevant solution. Fingerprints of the subatomic particles or cosmic microwave radiation patterns are sets of quantified information obtained in the research processes. Visual presentations of the events, interactions, and patterns information obtained from the real or virtual experiments, and their quantification becomes the milestone tool in the endless search of the matter origin and the moment of creation. 

Visualization is prevalent across the information domain, often as a mechanism for fusion of multiple data somces, and typically as the culmination of a time-sensitive, end-to-end flow of data from information producers (eg., models, sensors) to a diverse range of human users. Visual sophistication is increasingly less important than contents, robustness, and timeliness. Quantification of uncertainty is highly desirable, but difiicult to automate, thus being often unsatisfactory in its detail or lagging in time. 

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