Visibility forest fires

Through the fascinating in the observation of flames and the visible destruction of matter in camp fires, house or forest fires, students are almost forcibly led to a destruction concept , mainly because of the everyday language ... 

In the Philippines, the impact of the haze associated with the forest fires was noted mainly on the southern islands. The visibility in these areas was reduced to... 

As noted in Chapter 4, the dimensionless product x = beM z is called the optical depth of the layer, and (15.26) is called the Beer-Lambert law. In the visible portion of the spectrum, optical depth of tropospheric aerosols can range from less than 0.05 in remote, pristine environments to close to 1.0 near the source of intense particulate emissions such as in the plume of a forest fire. 

The same qualitative thermal-imaging instruments have been adapted to fire detection applications. From the ground or the air, these instruments detect incipient fires and unextinguished portions of forest fires. Firefighters report that at most structural fires they don t see flames, just dense smoke. The 8-12 pm spectral band in which the instruments operate also provides improved visibility (less absorption... 

Finally a column of buoyant combustion products, ash, embers, and smoke are produced which rise above the flames. This often spectacularly visible plume of exhaust products can itself be very hazardous since it contributes to pyrolysis, firebrands, suffocation, and loss of visibility. The behavior of this plume has been the subject of extensive analysis and research, but in most cases the plume is presumed to rise independent of any surrounding terrain, structures or porous surroundings. Little attention has been given to the motion of the plume in the immediate vicinity of a fire as it is modified by surrounding forest or building structures. Once the plume penetrates the surface layer above the canopy it is presumed to follow conventional plume/jet mixing, trajectory, and kinematic under the influence of buoyancy and cross flow winds [82, 180, 363,498, 635],... 

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