Viscous dissipation turbulent boundary layer

Turbulent boundary layer flow with viscous dissipation. 

High-Speed Flow. Frictional dissipation occurs in the turbulent boundary layer for highspeed flow because of combined viscous and turbulent shear mechanisms. To account for variations in the specific heat of the fluid, it is best to express the heat potential as enthalpy rather than temperature. It was shown by van Driest [93] that under high-speed conditions, Eq. 6.180 is replaced by... 

Friction appears in boundary layers because the work done by shear forces in maintaining the velocity gradients in both laminar and turbulent flow is eventually converted into heat by viscous action. Friction generated in unseparated boundary layers is called skin friction. When boundary layers separate and form wakes, additional energy dissipation appears within the wake and friction of this type is called form friction since it is a function of the position and shape of the solid. 

The basic turbulence structure is assumed to be similar to that in Newtonian boundary layers, in that there exist three regions the viscous sublayer, which is the closest to the wall, and where the dissipative forces dominate a logarithmic region and the buffer layer between the two. Large eddies... 

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