Vector potential finite nuclear

Presently it is widely accepted that the relativistic mean-field (RMF) model [40] gives a good description of nuclear matter and finite nuclei [41]. Within this approach the nucleons are supposed to obey the Dirac equation coupled to mean meson fields. Large scalar and vector potentials, of the order of 300 MeV, are necessary to explain the strong spin-orbit splitting in nuclei. The most debated... 

A molecule may be viewed as a number N of nuclear charges, Z e, of a certain arrangement given by their position vectors, Rt for i = 1... JV, surrounded by an electronic cloud of charge density p(r) of finite dimensions. The potential of the electrostatic field at the point R outside the electronic cloud is given by... 

An alternative route is based on time-dependent approaches, where the standard statistical mechanics formalism relies on Fourier transform of the time correlation of vibrational operators [54—57]. These approaches can provide a complete description of the experimental spectrum, that is, the characterization of the real molecular motion consisting of many degrees of freedom activated at finite temperature, often strongly coupled and anharmonic in namre. However, computation of the exact quantum dynamics evolution of the nuclei on the ab initio potential surface is as prohibitive as the quantum/stationary-state approaches. In fact, even a semiclassical description of the time evolution of quanmm systems is usually computationally expensive. Therefore, time correlation methods for realistic systems are usually carried out by sampling of the nuclear motion in the classical phase space. In this context, summation over i in Eq. 11.1 is a classical ensemble average furthermore, the field unit vector e can be averaged over all directions of an isotropic fluid, leading to the well-known expression... 

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