Vaporization of hydrocarbons

Zwolinski, B. J., and R. C. Wilhoit "Vapor Pressures and Heats of Vaporization of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds," Thermodynamic Research Center, Dept, of Chemistry, Texas A M University, College Station, Texas, 1971. 

Zwolinski, B.J., Wilhoit, R.C. (1971) Handbook of Vapor Pressures and Heats of Vaporization of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds. API-44 TRC Publication No. 101, Texas A. M. University, Evans Press, Fort Worth, Texas. 

Two remarks (1) The area change is negative because the area after the phase transition is lower than before. (2) The enthalpy of condensation is of the order of the standard enthalpies of vaporization of hydrocarbons. 

There are some basic factors in alkylation which should be considered in addition to the catalyst, feed stock, and normal operating variables. Although thermal alkylation can be accomplished without the presence of a catalyst, essentially all commercial processes today employ a catalyst. The alkylation reactions considered here normally take place in the liquid state. Sufficient pressure is therefore required to insure that the hydrocarbons in the reactor remain in the liquid state. This is only partially true for the autorefrigeration process, where cooling of the reaction zone takes place as a result of vaporizing some of the light hydrocarbons in the reactor. The ethylbenzene reaction is also an exception, since it normally takes place in the partial vapor state, especially when the feed contains considerable ethane. The alkylation reaction is exothermic, and this heat of reaction must be removed from the reaction zone. This heat can be removed by cooling coils, by vaporization of hydrocarbons, or in the effluent stream. 

Outside tube area required for heating coils in reboiler (coils to contain saturated steam at 250 psia, and average heat of vaporization of hydrocarbons in reboiler may be taken as 5000 cal/g mol)... 

Many industrial processes where hydrocarbons are used generate off gases containing vapors of hydrocarbons such as gasoline, naphtha, fuel, and solvents. If they are separated from the generated mixtures, these products constitute valuable chemical feedstock or fuel. However, if they are not separated, they become a source of environmental contamination. 

Heats of vaporization of hydrocarbons and petroleum fractions ar 1.0 atm pressure... 

Figure K.5 Heats of vaporization of hydrocarbon and petroleum fractions at 1.0 atmosphere pressure.

Handbook on Vapor Pressures and Heats of Vaporization of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds (API 44 - TRC)... 

SPR sensor plays a very important role in chemical sensing. The variations in the concentration of vapors of hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alcohols, and so on, can be determined by directly measuring RI [73] using an SPR sensor. In monitoring distillation... 

Commercial visbreaking reactors are operated under non-isothermal conditions, causing variations in temperature inside the reactor, which results in changes in vapor and liquid-phase flowrates, compositions, and thermo-physical properties. To account for the vaporization of hydrocarbons, vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) calculations are needed, by means of which their effect on reactor modeling can... 

---