Vacuum energy extraction applications

Ablation can be carried out with lower cost laser diodes when a broadband energy absorber is applied to the skin. For example, shallow pores are created by application of twenty to thirty 20 ms pulses of 810 nm radiation at a power of250 mW to a 50 pm thick carbon containing black tape on the skin.50 A pattern of these shallow pores is easily generated on the skin by movement of the laser. Application of about one-half atmosphere of vacuum extracts about 0.2 pL ISF per minute with a relative standard deviation of 65%, which includes person-to-person and site-to-site variabilities. Larger volumes of ISF ( 0.5 pL/min) can be exuded from the ablated site by application of positive pressure to the tissue around the site. In general, the volume exuded increases as the number of micropores at the site increases from one to... 

Concentration. Clarified filtrates, centrates, or column eluates are usually too dilute for use in their specific applications, thus, substantial amounts of water must be removed. This can be achieved by evaporation or by ultrafiltration. Concentration methods used in industrial settings, such as evaporation, which is done under vacuum, and solvent extraction, may or may not be suitable for dewatering proteins because of their potential for thermal or chemical denaturation, and due to high energy costs associated with evaporation. The benefit of evaporation is that nonvolatile compounds that may stabilize the proteins are retained. 

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