Urine, putrefying

A.—There is for urine, putrefied with a gentle heat, during the space of a fortnight or thereabouts, sends forth a coagulating spirit, which will coagulate well rectified Aqua Vitae. 

H2N (CH2]5 NH2. a syrupy fuming liquid, b.p. 178-180 - C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Cadaverine is one of the ptomaines and is found, associated with pulrescine, in putrefying tissues, being formed by bacterial action from the amino-acid lysine. It is found in the urine in some cases of the congenital disease cystinuria. The free base is poisonous, but its salts are not. 

Of all the elements, phosphorus is the only one that was first isolated from a human source. The element was extracted from human urine in 1669 using an unsavory process After a sample of urine was allowed to stand for several days, the putrefied liquid was boiled until only a paste remained. Further heating of the paste at high temperature produced a gas that condensed to a waxy white solid when the vapor was bubbled into water. It wasn t until 1779 that phosphorus was discovered in mineral form, as a component of phosphate minerals. 

Close the urine in a glass vessel and let it putrefy for a month or more in a warm place. The odors involved with this process certainly class it as an outdoor activity. Filter the putrefied urine into a distillation train and slowly distil to dryness. Return the distillate to the solids that remain (the caput mortuum) and again digest for a month. Distil and repeat the cohobation of distillate on the solids a third time. 

The most important of the double salts of phosphoric acid with ammonium and the alkali-metals is sodium ammonium hydrogen phosphate or microcosmic salt, NaNH4HP04,4H20, a constituent of putrefying urine, and also present in guano under the name stercorite.17 It can be prepared by the interaction of secondary sodium phosphate and ammonium chloride, or that of secondary ammonium phosphate and sodium chloride. It forms colourless columnar crystals belonging... 

The s lme decomi>osition occui s in the presence of putrefying mateml and in the intestine. TaurochoUo acid bos not been found to accompany glycochoUc in the urine of icteric patients. 

With this apparatus, Macbride showed that putrefying animal matters generate fixed air, although fixed air arrests their putrefaction and appears to make them fresh again. Foods also give out fixed air, which thus seems to be formed in digestion and absorbed by the blood, co be evacuated with the urine or by transpiration. Blood, sweat, and urine precipitate lime water (really due to the phosphates). ... 

Phosphorus Although phosphorus is the eleventh most abundant element and makes up about 0.11% of Earth s crust by mass, it was not discovered until 1669. It was originally isolated from putrefied urine—an effective if not particularly pleasant source. Today the principal source of phosphorus compounds is phosphate rock, a class of minerals known as apatites, such as fluo-rapatite Ca5(PC)4)3F or 3 Ca3(P04)2 Cap2. Elemental phosphorus is prepared by heating phosphate rock, silica (Si02), and coke (C) in an electric furnace. The overall change that occurs is... 

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