Upper extremities fractures

Knutson J.S., Naples G.G., Peckham P.H., and Keith M.W 2002. Fracture rates and occurrences of infection and granuloma associated with percutaneous intramuscular electrodes in upper extremity functional electrical simulation applications. Rehab. Res. Dev. 39 671-684. 

Fracture of the elbow is least common in the upper extremity, but when it occurs it can have serious consequences if not properly diagnosed and treated. 

Any joint in the upper extremity may dislocate if sufficient force is applied to it. The glenohumeral joint is especially prone to dislocating, usually in an anterior direction. A prominent end of the clavicle and loss of roundness of the shoulder may indicate a dislocation. Frequently there is an associated tear of the capsule. With any joint dislocation, radiographic imaging should be obtained to rule out an associated fracture. 

In conjunction with the tensile fracture work W shown in the lower curves of Figure 8, the tensile strength (based on deformed cross section) and extensibility (nominal strain at break) were also measured. The cross plots of versus data for the CTBN modified epoxy resins of this study, tested at constant strain rate e = 0.09 min from T = -200 to 200 C are shown by the curves in Figure 9 as tensile failure envelopes. The upper extremity of the failure envelope curves of Figure 9 reflect a maximum tensile strength... 

Fig. 208. Diagram of the fractured somatotopy of the mossy fiber projections in the cerebellum of the rat. Patches with similar receptive fields are indicated with abbreviations for the stimulation sites on the head and the extremities. Redrawn from Welker (1987). Cr = crown El = eyelids Fbp = furry buccal pad FL = forelimb and hand G = gingiva HL = hindlimb I, II = crus I and II Li = lower incisor LI = lower lip Lob.ant. = anterior lobe lob.sim = lobulus simplex N = nose Nk = neck P = pinna PFL = paraflocculus PML = paramedian lobule PY = pyramis Rh = rhinarium Ui = upper incisor U1 = upper lip UV = uvula.

Figure 10. Case B5. Views of the fracture surface. Half of the fracture surface on either side on the bottom (circled) was extremely rough and the microstructure did not match that of the core material on the upper half of the fracture surface. Notice the glassy appearance of the material as shown on the right in the vicinity of the arrow tip.

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