Upper extremities dislocations

In 1839, James Alderson reported two instances of what he described as cases of paralysis from the unsuspected absorption of lead, in consequence of drinking rain water, kept in lead cisterns. These cases were discovered when another physician requested Alderson s assistance with a patient whose ailments baffled him. That patient, a Mr. Thackery, was a sixty-three-year-old man who had long been laboring under paralysis of the upper extremities, and partial paralysis of the lower. He had limited power in his arms and hands, and to move to and from his bedroom, he required the assistance of a servant on each side of him, and then his knees bent under him, and his gait was tottering. Even with the aid of a stimulant, the patient s bowels acted only once every three or four days, causing much abdominal pain and distress. Much like Dr. Porritt, the patient also suffered from melancholy and would frequently shed tears from light causes. At one point, Thackery had a seizure in which he fell out of bed and dislocated his shoulder. ... 

Any joint in the upper extremity may dislocate if sufficient force is applied to it. The glenohumeral joint is especially prone to dislocating, usually in an anterior direction. A prominent end of the clavicle and loss of roundness of the shoulder may indicate a dislocation. Frequently there is an associated tear of the capsule. With any joint dislocation, radiographic imaging should be obtained to rule out an associated fracture. 

Extremely short pulses of a few seconds of extremely small amounts of labeled hormones, injected by means of special microcapillaries, have been used to follow the translocation of lAA during gravitropic stimulation in intact cole-optiles of Avena and Zea (Shaw et al. 1973) movement against gravity of GA3 injected into the lower side of horizontally placed roots and coleoptiles of Zea (Webster and Wilkins 1974) downward and upward dislocation of ABA, microinjected near to the root tip at the upper and lower sides, respectively, in intact horizontal roots of Phaseolus (Hartung 1976 a). 

In the case of nonpolar growth without structural matching, if the partial dislocations are localized at the interface then the upper portion of the AlN epilayer may exhibit high crystalline quality. However, if some of the partial dislocations at the interface react to form TDs, the AlN epilayer should exhibit an extremely high density of TDs because the partial dislocation density at the interface is of the order of the lattice constant. This point will be discussed further together with experimental results in Sections 4 and 5. 

---