United States self-determination

Persons with type 1 diabetes constitute approximately ten percent of the diabetics in the United States. The disease is characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin caused by an autoimmune attack on the 3 cells of the pancreas. This destruction requires a stimulus from the environment (such as a viral infection) and a genetic determinant that allows the P cell to be recognized as "non-self."... 

We, the multinational people of the Russian Federation, united by a common fate on our land, establishing human rights and freedoms, civic peace and accord, preserving the historically established state unity, proceeding from the universally recognized principles of equality and self-determination of peoples,. .. reviving the sovereign statehood of Russia,. .. 

Council directives aimed at non-state actors are not unknown. For instance, the Council has addressed itself directly to the UNITA movement in Angola and even imposed sanctions in relation to it. No such intent is visible in the instances noted above, although a very strong policy preference is articulated in favour of territorial unity. However, as evidenced by the Council s endorsement of self-determination settlements that offer the option of independence to secessionist units, this preference can be overturned. ... 

While autonomy already raises governments concerns, federal-type solutions are even more difficult to achieve nowadays. As was noted above, autonomy is often traded for an express renunciation of self-determination and a confirmation of the permanent territorial unity of the state. Where a more elevated status, such as that of a federal republic or constituent unit of a confederation or state union is concerned, the stability of such an arrangement is even more difficult to assure. " In fact, the recent recognition of the doctrine of constitutional self-determination has made this more complicated. The Badinter Commission attached to the EU peace process for the former Yugoslavia had found that ""... 

Patricia Carley, Self-determination Sovereignty, Tkritorial Integrity, and the Right to Secession (Washington, DC United States Institute of Peace, 1996). 

Kenneth Milton Stampp, The United States and Motional Self-determination Two Traditions (Gettysburg, PA Gettysburg College, 1991). 

Ralph Gustav Steinhardt, International Law and Self-determination (Washington, DC Atlantic Council of the United States, 1994). 

Betty Miller Unterberger, The United States and National Self-determination A Wilsonian Perspective , 26 Presidential Studies Qmrterly (1996). 

Minorities and self-determination are two areas that each has triggered numerous discussions. The United Nations (UN) estimates that 10-20 % or 600 million to 1.2 billion of the world population belong to minorities. With such an amount of members of minorities, there are few states that do not encompass any minorities. Minorities and their rights are global issues. 

On a global level, the United Nations display a list of bodies and sub-bodies concerned with minorities, ntinority rights and self-determination. The majority of the bodies presented below ccmsist of representatives appointed by states. If a body is completely independent of state influence, this is indicated. The UN human rights regime, where minority issues and self-determination are placed, has developed over decades. Some bodies were renamed, received new mandates or were simply discontinued. There is thus an array of bodies that has to be presented here. It is important to note that none of these bodies include a full judicial process by which minority rights can be protected. 

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