United Kingdom

3 Legislative regulations affecting industrial lead emissions 5.3.1 United Kingdom 

In the UK all major works using lead come within the jurisdiction of HM Alkali and Clean Air Inspectorate [10]. The Inspectorate s policy of enforcing best practicable means of pollution control is well known. Presumptive limits applying to all gases and exhaust streams from scheduled lead processes have been set. These are as follows  

Works category Gas volume (m min U Individual stack concentration (g Total mass emission (kgh-) 

It is of interest to note that during 1976 the arithmetic mean lead content of lead works emissions examined by HM Alkali Inspectorate was 0.011 g mT. It was also noted in the report of the Inspectorate [7] that at the Avonmouth primary lead-zinc-cadmium smelter of Commonwealth Smelting Ltd. (with a capacity of 40 000 tonne of lead annually), emission of lead was about 4 kg h in 1976, compared with a consent limit of 5.4 kg h .  

Ever since the development of the steam engine by James Watt, there have been many railway accidents with fatalities in the United Kingdom. The first railway passenger fatality occurred on September 15, 1830, when William Huskisson was killed at the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway line. A railway accident that occurred on May 22,1915, at Quintinshill was probably the worst rail accident in the United Kingdom with respect to fatalities [17]. The accident caused 227 fatalities and 246 injuries. 

The approximate breakdowns of railway-related fatalities versus number of accidents occurring during the period 1830-2007 in the United Kingdom are presented in Table 7.1 [17]. 

No significant development of any kind can be undertaken in the UK without the prior permission of a public authority. The local authority normally considers such proposals, although sometimes the decision is 

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 has shaped the US environmental protection efforts. It has asserted a collective social responsibility for the quality of the nation s environment, and has provided  

All Federal agencies are required to produce an EIS for any Federal action which significantly affects the quality of the human environment. 

Under the NEPA, all Federal departments and agencies are required to improve, co-ordinate and orientate their planning and development 

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is an operating line agency responsible for administering and conducting all Federal pollution control programmes, focussing attention on pollution control 

The British Standards Institnte standard specification BS 7244 (1990) applies to both deflagradon (end-of-line and in-line) and detonadon flame arresters. For end-of-line deflagradon flame arresters ten tests are reqnired, and for in-line deflagradon flame arresters fifteen tests are reqnired. For detonation flame arresters three tests at increasing lengths of pipe for both deflagration and detonation conditions and ten nnrestricted overdriven detonation tests are reqnired. Endnrance bnrning test procedures are presented, bnt tests are condncted only if specified. 

Enforcement powers. Compliance with OELs is a legal requirement under the COSHH Regulations. Under the HSW Act 1974 HSE inspectors have powers to issue two types of enforcement notice - an improvement notice or a prohibition notice - as well as powers to prosecute for criminal offences in the courts. Improvement notices are nomally used to instruct duty holders to remedy a situation in which an inspector believes that there has been a breach of the law resulting in a risk to the health or safety of persons that the law is intended to protect. The duty-holder is normally requir to remedy tiie situation within a specified time period in accordance wath the requirements laid out in the notice. Prohibition notices are normally issued where inspectors fell there is m imminent and serious risk to health and safety. They have the effect of prohibiting 

COSHH accoimted for between 12 per cent and 21 per cent of all enforcement notices each year between 1997 and 2000 (most were inqsrovement notices). Substances with MELs dominated the substances cited in notices, although the enforcement often focused on the process rather than the substance, but tiie existence of an OEL meant that 

Sunilarities are also evident in the role of national research institutes for health and safety, which sqipear to play a strong, independent, advisory role in the setting and adoption of OELs in most countries. 

Wlmt inipact, if any, these differences have on regulatory practices in relation to OELs will be explored in the following dn ters covering five countries that together display most of the range of these features,  

Unfortunately it has not been possible to include France in Uie examples of countries chosen for more detailed study and therefore it is not possible to comment on the significance of the 

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Address 20 Carlton House Terrace London SWIY 5AN  

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A Nitrogen Products Committee was set up in 1916 by the Mirristry of Munitions to consider the production of nitrogen compounds. H. C. Greenwood, 

Synthesis gas was produced from coke via water gas/producer gas. The iron-chromium, high-temperature shift catalyst used was probably the first to be made in the form of pellets. 

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In the United Kingdom For a complete lisi of books available from Penguin in the U.K., please write to Dept E.P., Penguin Books Ltd, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, UB70DA... 

These white oils are subject to specifications from various organizations Codex in France, British Pharmacopoeia" (BP) in the United Kingdom, and National Formulary (NF) in the USA. 

In the United Kingdom, the IP (Institute of Petroleum), for which most of the texts, but not all, are taken as British standards with the reference, BS (British Standard). 

Among the official standards organizations are in France, AFNOR (Association Frangaise de Normalisation)-, in the United Kingdom, BSI (British... 

The national organizations are often relayed into each profession by a body created and financed by this profession and which undertakes all or part of the work in preparing the standards. In the petroleum industry, this role is carried out in France by the BNPet (Bureau de Normalisation du Petrole) and in Germany by the FAM (Fachausschuss Mineralol-und Brennstoffnormung), in the United Kingdom by the IP (Institute of Petroleum), and in the USA by the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). In the first two cases, the standards are published only by the national organizations (AFNOR and DIN respectively), while the IP and the ASTM also publish their own documents, only some of which are adopted by the BSI and ANSI, respectively. 

In recent years a new approach to contracting has evolved and Is gaining rapid acceptance In the United Kingdom Continental Shelf (UKCS). The concept has become known as partnering and can be seen as a progression of the incentive contract. Whilst the previously described contractual arrangements are restricted to a single well project... 

The fiscal system set by the host government determines the method by which the host nation claims its entitlement to income from the production and sale of hydrocarbons. The simplest fiscal system is the tax and royalty scheme, such as that applied to income from production in the UKCS (United Kingdom Continental Shelf). 

The other type of x-ray source is an electron syncluotron, which produces an extremely intense, highly polarized and, in the direction perpendicular to the plane of polarization, highly collimated beam. The energy spectrum is continuous up to a maximum that depends on the energy of the accelerated electrons, so that x-rays for diffraction experiments must either be reflected from a monochromator crystal or used in the Laue mode. Whereas diffraction instruments using vacuum tubes as the source are available in many institutions worldwide, there are syncluotron x-ray facilities only in a few major research institutions. There are syncluotron facilities in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Genuany and Japan. 

As with synchrotron x-rays, neutron diffraction facilities are available at only a few major research institutions. There are research reactors with diffraction facilities in many countries, but the major ones are in North America, Europe and Australia. The are fewer spallation sources, but there are major ones in the United States and the United Kingdom. 

Mark S. Child, Physical Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom... 

Michael Robb, Chemistry Department, King s College London, Strand London, United Kingdom... 

D P f Goodford 1985. A Computational Procedure for Determining Energetically Favorable Binding Sites on Biologically Important Macromolecules. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 28 849-857. Molecular Discovery Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom. 

Price category production, departmental, institutional Platforms Linux, Alpha, Cray, Fujitsu, AIX, SGI, Sun, HP-UX, NEC Contact information P. J. Knowles School of Chemistry University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT United Kingdom +44-121-414-7472 http / / ww w. tc.bham. ac. uk/molpro/ molpro-request tc.bham.ac.uk... 

Modern Spectroscopy has been written to fulfil a need for an up-lo-dale lexl on speclroscopy. Il is aimed primarily al a lypical undergraduate audience in chemislry, chemical physics, or physics in Ihe United Kingdom and al undergraduate and graduate studenl audiences elsewhere. 

Methods Exam. Waters Assoc. Math 1988, United Kingdom Dept, of the Environment Chem. Abstr. 108, 197583v (1988). 

ICl, Teeside, United Kingdom 250 /-Cg,C2,Cio, -Cg to C polygas olefins, alpha olefins... 

Eig. 6. Elow diagram for the Shell Chemical alcohol-olefin complex, Geismar, Louisiana, and Stanlow, United Kingdom. 

Lead azide is not readily dead-pressed, ie, pressed to a point where it can no longer be initiated. However, this condition is somewhat dependent on the output of the mixture used to ignite the lead azide and the degree of confinement of the system. Because lead azide is a nonconductor, it may be mixed with flaked graphite to form a conductive mix for use in low energy electric detonators. A number of different types of lead azide have been prepared to improve its handling characteristics and performance and to decrease sensitivity. In addition to the dextrinated lead azide commonly used in the United States, service lead azide, which contains a minimum of 97% lead azide and no protective colloid, is used in the United Kingdom. Other varieties include colloidal lead azide (3—4 pm), poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated lead azide, and British RE) 1333 and RE) 1343 lead azide which is precipitated in the presence of carboxymethyl cellulose (88—92). 

Ma.nufa.cture. The two most common processes for making RDX and HMX use hexamethylenetetramine (hexamine) as starting material. The Woolwich or direct nitrolysis process used ia the United Kingdom proceeds according to ... 

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The acquisition of the rights to the viscose process became one of the most profitable investments of aU time. Interest in the new fiber was intense, and growth of production capacity was exponential. By 1907, the Courtauld company was selling aU the artificial sHk it could produce and proceeded to expand into the U.S. market. In 1910 they formed the American Viscose Co. and in 1911 started the first U.S. viscose factory at Marcus Hook. By 1939, Courtaulds had six factories in the United States, seven in the United Kingdom, one in Erance, one in Canada, and joint ventures in Germany and Italy. 

Cylindrica.1 Presses. Another group of filters that utili2e the variable chamber principle are those with a cylindrical filter surface. There are two designs in this category, both of which originate from the United Kingdom. 

Mechanical Cake Removal. This method is used in the American version of the dynamic filter described under cross-flow filtration with rotating elements, where turbine-type rotors are used to limit the cake thickness at low speeds. The Exxflow filter, introduced in the United Kingdom, is described in more detail under cross-flow filtration in porous pipes. It uses, among other means, a roUer cleaning system which periodically roUs over a curtain of flexible pipes and dislodges any cake on the inside of the pipes. The cake is then flushed out of the curtain by the internal flow. 

Atochem, France (EA) Ethyl Corp., United States (EC) Great Lakes, United States (GL) ISC Chemicals, Ltd. United Kingdom (ISC) Manac Inc., Japan (MI) Mambishi, Japan (M) Mitsui Toatsu Fiae Chemicals, Inc., Japan (MT) Nippon Chemicals Corp., Ltd., Japan (NC) Teijia, Japan (T) Tosoh, Japan (TS) Warwick International, United Kingdom (WI) CECA, SA, France (CECA). 

Company and country are as foUows Ajiuomoto Co., Inc., Japan (AC) Asabi Denka Kogyo KK, Japan (AD) CECA, SA, France (CECA) Dover Chemical, United States (DC) Hoechst AG, Germany (HAG) Hbls, Germany (H) ICI, United Kingdom (ICI) Keil Chemical Div., Ferro Corp., United States (KC), Nissei Chemical Industries Co., Japan (NCI) Occidental Chemical Corp., United States (OCC) Tosoh Corp., Japan (TC). 

Portugal, South Africa, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. This can cause difficulty when trading with these countries. Although these countries have no codified legislation, they have definite ideas as to what can be used. It is best to consult with the specific agencies in these countries before selling flavors or foods to these countries. 

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