Tulip flame phenomenon

Gonzalez, M., Borghi, R., and Saouab, A., Interaction of a flame front with its self-generated flow in an enclosure The "tulip flame" phenomenon. Combustion and Flame, 88,201-220,1992. 

Taken together, these observations indicate that the basic tulip-flame formahon is a remarkably robust phenomenon that depends somewhat on the overall geometry of the combustion vessel. There is little doubt that the growth of the cusp represents a Darrieus-Eandau instability [33-35] that is stabilized by the thermo-diffusive fransporf af fhe small scales, buf an inferesfing lingering... 

The dramatic dynamics of the flame-shape change shown in Figure 5.3.1, along with its proposed relationship to the flame instability and flame-generated flow, has periodically sparked an interest in its study. Before reviewing this flame-shape transition phenomenon, it will be useful to trace the history of the "tulip" name and distinguish this particular flame shape from the myriad of others with which it is often equated or confused. 

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