Trichogramma

Stouthamer, R., Luck, R.F. and Hamilton, W.D. (1990) Antibiotics cause partheno-genetic Trichogramma to revert to sex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 87, 2424-2427. 

An example of a larval parasitoid that responds to the host sex pheromone is seen with Cotesiaplutellae (Braconidae), also a parasitoid of the diamondback moth. These insects were attracted equally to the pheromone blend (31,32,33, see above), the acetate 32, or aldehyde 31 components [80]. This larval parasitoid, however, was also strongly attracted to host frass volatiles, in particular, dipropyl disulfide 34, dimethyl disulfide 35, allyl isothiocyanate 36, and dimethyl trisulfide 37. In contrast, the egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis was only weakly attracted to 36. In both, T. chilonis and C. plutellae, plant volatiles, in particular (3Z)-hex-3-en-l-yl acetate 38, significantly enhanced attraction by the pheromone [80]. 

Trichogrammatidae Trichogramma chilonis Plutella xylostella Host sex pheromone blend [attraction] (1 lZ)-Hexadec-11 -enal 31, (11Z)-hexadec-11-enyl acetate 32 (11Z)-hexadec-11 -en-1 -ol 33 [74,75]... 

Trichogramma evanescens Plodia interpunctella Ephestia spp. Host sex pheromone component [attraction, arrestment] (9Z, 12E) - Te tr ade ca- 9,12- dienyl acetate 28 [64]... 

Delpuech, J.M., B. Froment, P. Fouillet, F. Pompanon, S. JaniUon, and M. Bouletreau. 1998. Inhibition of sex pheromone communications of Trichogramma brassicae (Hymenoptera) by the insecticide chlorpyrifos. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 1107-1113. 

Zaki, F.N. and M.A. Gesraha. 1987. Evaluation of zertel and diflubenzuron on biological aspects of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens Westw. and the aphid lion Chrysoperla camea Steph. Jour. Appl. Entomol. 104 63-69. 

At present only Trichogramma species and the scelionid egg parasitoid Telenomus remus (20) are known to respond to moth sex pheromones. However, this phenomenon could be much more widespread and overlooked because these wasps apparently do not fly to point sources and are not caught in pheromone traps. 

Brower, J.H. 1983a. Eggs of stored-product lepidoptera as hosts for Trichogramma evanescens (Hym Trichogrammatidae). Entomophaga. 28, 355-362. 

Brower, J.H. 1983b. Utilization of stored-product 1. cpuloptera eggs as hosts by Trichogramma periosum Riley (Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 56, 50-54. 

Brower, J.H. 1984. The natural occurrence of the egg parasite, Trichogramma, on almond moth eggs in peanut storages in Georgia. J. Georgia Entomol. 19, 283-290. 

Brower, J.H. 1988. Population suppression of the almond moth and the indianmeal moth (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) by release of Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae) into simulated peanut storages. J. Econ. Entomol. 81, 944-948. 

Lewis, W. J., Nordlund, D. A., Gueldner, R.C., Teal, PE. A. and Tumlinson, J.H. (1982). Kairomones and their use for management of entomaphagous insects. XIII. Kairomonal activity for Trichogramma spp. of abdominal tips, excretion, and a synthetic sex pheromone blend of Heliothis zea (Boddie) moths. Journal of Chemical Ecology 8 1323-1331. 

Noldus, L. P. J. J. (1988). Response of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum to the sex pheromone of its host Heliothis zea. Entomologia Experimentalis etApplicata 48 293-300. 

Trichogramma Extremely tiny wasps that are beneficial insects. They parasitize the eggs of moths and butterflies. 

Jones, R.L., Lewis, W. J., Beroza, M., Bierl, B.A. and Sparks, A.N. (1973). Host-seeking stimulants (kairomones) for the egg parasite Trichogramma evanescents. Environ. Entomol., 2, 593-596. 

Cs = Coccinella septenipunctata Cm = Cotesin marginiventris Tp/Tnb = Trichogramma pretiosum and Trichogramma nr. brassicae. 

Hewa-Kapuge, S., McDougall, S., and Hoffmann, A.A., Effects of methoxyfenoxide, indoxacarb, and other insecticides on the beneficial egg parasitoid Trichogramma nr. brassicae (Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae) under laboratory and field conditions,/. Econ. Entomol., 96,1083, 2003. 

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