Transduction bandwidth

The sensor transduction bandwidth should not be less then 100 Hz, intended as tactile image frame frequency. Individual sensing units should accordingly possess faster responses to allow multiplexing. 

In pulse-echo-based techniques, the time of flight in a sample cannot be determined simply from the observation of the time span between adjacent echoes in the echo pattern if plane parallel transducers operated at resonant frequencies are employed. Transducers introduce substantial errors if the velocity is derived from such measurements, especially if relatively short samples are used. Various correction approaches have so far been developed in order to consider the influence of resonant transducers and the effects of diffraction [31-33]. The need for corrections can be avoided and a broad operational bandwidth obtained by using short pulses of duration equal to or shorter than the transduction [34] this requires a time resolution better than the transit time in the transducer. This short-pulse excitation (e.g. the maximum for a 10-MHz transducer is 50 ns) requires a high-power wide-band ultra-linear amplifier to ensure the detection of US signals with sufficient resolution under non-resonant conditions. 

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