Transcription Elementary steps

Transcription (Section 28 11) Construction of a strand of mRNA complementary to a DNA template Transfer RNA (tRNA) (Section 28 11) A polynucleotide of n hose that is bound at one end to a unique amino acid This ammo acid is incorporated into a growing peptide chain Transition state (Section 3 1) The point of maximum energy in an elementary step of a reaction mechanism Translation (Section 28 12) The reading of mRNA by van ous tRNAs each one of which is unique for a particular ammo acid... 

As in procaryotes, the elementary steps of initiation, elongation and termination can be distinguished in eucaryotic transcription. Aside from the specific RNA polymerases, transcription in eucaryotes requires the action of numerous other proteins which are collectively known as transcription factors. Transcription factors are required at the level of initiation, elongation, and termination and are accordingly known as initiation factors, elongation factors and termination factors of transcription. 

Fundamental models include cell dimensions, transport of substrates and metabolites across the cell membrane, and the elementary cell bioreaction steps and their corresponding enzyme induction mechanism. In recent years further kinetic steps have been added to the above models which are based on the conversion of substrates to metabolites. Thus the kinetics of protein synthesis by transcription and translation from the genome add much further complexity to cell kinetics. 

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