Toxicity of platinum

Table 2. Toxicity of Platinum Compounds on Cells In Monolayer Culture . . . z.

Table 4. Toxicity of Platinum Polymers on Human Amnion Cells In Culture. (WISH)...

Ferreira PF and Wolke RF (1979) Acute toxicity of platinum to Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Mar Pollut Bull 10 79 -83. 

Griffin MR, Yared A, Ray WA (2000) Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drags and acute renal failure in elderly persons. Am J Epidemiol 151 488-496 Hartmann JT, Lipp HP (2003) Toxicity of platinum compounds. Expert Opin Pharmacother 4 889-901... 

Fig. 7. Effect of light on the IC50 values for the inhibition of cell growth of various cancer cell lines by platinum(IV) diazido complexes, (a) toxicity of the cis-complexes 4 and 5 on human bladder cancer cell lines (5637-CDDP, cisplatin-resistant cell line) (b) comparison of cytotoxicities of the cis- and rarcs-isomers 4 and 6 in the dark and upon irradiation cisplatin is included for comparison. Data from Ref. (30).

The second criteria, a different activity spectrum, is met by oxaliplatin (Figure 1.9A), the l isomer of [oxalatol f ra/rv-1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum (II)], oxaliplatin, [Pt(II)(oxalato)(DACH)]. This platinum agent is used for secondary treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.77 Oxaliplatin, like carboplatin, has a kinetically slower leaving group, and is also less nephrotoxic than cisDDP. The limiting toxicity of oxaliplatin is peripheral sensory neuropathy, also seen with cisDDP. The neuropathy affects the extremities and increases in incidence and... 

DOT regulations for shipment, 6 301t molecular formula, 6 291t toxicity, 6 302t Allyl complexes of platinum, 19 656 of thorium, 24 773 Allyl diglycol carbonate, molecular formula, 6 305t Allyl ethers, 2 246... 

Although the second generation of platinum drugs is less toxic than cisplatin, many appear to be cross-resistant with cisplatin. Requirements which are influencing the search for new generations of active complexes include (1) lower toxicity to normal cells than cisplatin, (2) activity against tumors with acquired cisplatin resistance, (3) activity against a wider spectrum of types of cancer, and (4) oral activity. 

The observed trends in toxicities of the three characteristic aromatic series 1, 2, 3 may be explained by the factors governing n complex adsorption. It is important to realize that in toxicity studies the metal orbital factor in tt complex adsorption is held constant by confining investigations exclusively to platinum catalysts. 

Despite the fact that alkylating agents exhibit a common mechanism of action, their clinical use varies depending on differences in pharmacokinetics, metabolism, hpid solubility, ability to penetrate membranes, and toxicity. They can be classified as nitrogen-containing mustard derivatives (mechorethamine, chlorambucil, melfalan, cyclophosphamide, ifos-famide), derivatives of ethylenimine (thiotepa), nitrosoureas (carmustine, lomustine, strep-tozocin), alkylsulfonates (busulfan), and derivatives of platinum (cwplatin, carboplatin). 

Platinum is a relatively rare earth metal usually found with related metals osmium and iridium. While it has a number of industrial applications, its common consumer application is in catalytic converters. This application has actually increased platinum concentrations in roadside dust. The ability of platinum and its derivatives to kill cells or inhibit cell division was discovered in 1965. Platinum-based drugs, such as cisplatin, are used to treat ovarian and testicular cancer, and cancers of the head and neck, as well as others. Unfortunately, the toxic side effects of these agents often limit their usefulness. 

The major toxicities of the individual platinum analogs are outlined in Table 54-2. 

Metal ions tested Electronic occupation of external orbitals Toxicity towards platinum... 

Karaivanova, M., Drenska, D., and Ovcharov, R. 1990. A modification of the toxic effects of platinum complexes with anthocyans. Eksp. Med. Morfol. 29 19-24. 

Further, Maxted (36) studied the influence of several sulfur compounds on the activity of platinum black for the hydrogenation of crotonic acid in the liquid phase. He noticed that between 15 and 50°C the toxicity remains constant for a sulfur compound, pointing out the irreversibility of sulfur adsorption. Conversely, the toxicity of various compounds increases with the molecule size. For molecules containing two sulfur atoms, losing all freedom of rotation through this double adsorption, the toxicity is less than for molecules of the same length containing only one atom of sulfur. 

Correspondingly, many toxic organic compounds (particularly halo-aromatics) have been shown to be oxidizable to innocuous compounds at Ti02 photoanodes with a counter-electrode of platinum (Bard, 1980 Fox, 1986). In 1980 Guruswamy suggested a design for a colloidal solar reactor for wastes that worked on photoelectro-chemical principles. 

---