Toroidal cage forms

HELICALLY COILED AND TOROIDAL CAGE FORMS OF GRAPHITIC CARBON... 

Helically coiled and toroidal cage forms of graphitic carbon... 

We showed the possible existence of various forms of helically coiled and toroidal structures based on energetic and thermodynamic stability considerations. Though the formation process of these structures is not the subject of this work, the variety of patterns in the outer and inner surface of the structures indicates that there exist many different forms of stable cage carbon structures[10-19]. The molecules in a onedimensional chain, or a two-dimensional plane, or a three-dimensional supermolecule are possible extended structures of tori with rich applications. 

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