Toluene, hydrogenation adsorption coefficients

The electronic properties of Pt particles on different supports and in zeolites of different proton concentrations were also probed with the competitive hydrogenation of toluene and benzene (276). It was found that the ratio of the adsorption coefficients of toluene and benzene hr/6b, which can be obtained from a kinetic analysis of the hydrogenation rate data, can be used as a convenient empirical index for the electronic environment of Pt particles. For Pt in zeolite Y, the ratio was found to increase with increasing acidity, as does the electron deficiency. This trend was rationalized by considering that toluene is a stronger electron donor than benzene. 

Different charge-compensating cations in zeolite L have been tested for their promotional effect in n-hexane aromatization. Apparently, high basicity of the alkaline and alkaline earth promoter favors n-hexane aromatization. Basicity and selectivity both increase from Li and Cs 331) and from Mg to Ba (22,25). Bezouhanova et al. studied the FTIR bands of linearly adsorbed CO in the range of 2060-2075 cm . One band at 2075 cm", which is also found on unsupported Pt, is attributed to extrazeolite Pt particles, a second band shifts from 2060 cm" for Li to lower wavenumbers with K and Rb 331). Another criterion, used by Larsen and Haller, is the measured rate of competitive hydrogenation of benzene and toluene, which has been found to correlate with the zeolite basicity (25). As described in a previous section, this method had previously been used by Tri el al. to probe for the electron deficiency of Pt particles in acidic zeolites 332). The rate data are analyzed in terms of a Langmuir-Hinshelwood model and the ratio of the adsorption coefficients of toluene and benzene, A, /b, is determined. It was found to decrease from 8.6 for Pt/Si02, and 5.4 for Pt/MgL, to 4.4 for Pt/BaL. As direct electron transfer from the cations to neutral Pt particles is unlikely, an interaction of Pt with the zeolite framework or with... 

That the kinetically derived relative adsorption constants, Kab, decrease with the numbers of alkyl substituents is surprising because alkyl substituents increase the basicity of the benzene ring and stabilize Tl -arene transition metal complexes. The directly measured adsorption coefficients of benzene, toluene, p-xylene and mesitylene on a cobalt catalyst at 89 °C do increase with the number of methyl groups and the rates of hydrogenation decrease in that order. A consensus regarding the significance of the kinetically determined adsorption constants has not been reached. ... 

Another kinetic method of determining relative adsorption constants does show that toluene is adsorbed more strongly than benzene on the platinum metals. The method determines the effect of the partial pressure of toluene on the rate of hydrogenation of benzene. With the assumption that adsorption is reversible, the ratio of adsorption coefficients, br/bB, is evaluated by the use of equation (37) where U°B and Ub(T) represent the rate of hydrogenation of benzene in the absence of toluene and in its presence at stated partial pressures of toluene (Ft) and benzene (Pb). This method avoids the determination of the relative individual rate constants that is required by the method of Wauquier and Jungers. Xylene inhibits the hydrogenation of alkenes on Pd more effectively than does benzene, which is consistent with the effect of alkyl groups on the basicity of benzene. ... 

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