Titrimetric Determination—Electrochemical

Atenolol may be assayed in glacial acetic acid/acetic anhydride 15 2 by titration with o.l M perchloric acid. The endpoint may be determined po-tentiometrically using a glass/calomel electrode pair.(5) 

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For further discussion on methods of separation and analysis of In(Ill), the reader is referred to books by Smith et al. [9] and Busev [45] emphasizing extraction techniques, precipitation, complexation, and analytical determinations such as gravimetric, titrimetric, photometric, electrochemical, and spectrophotometric procedures (see also Chap. 5), as well as neutron activation analysis (Chap. 13) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (Chap. 6). 

The majority of FI A applications are modifications of conventional titrimetric, spectrophotometric, and electrochemical methods of analysis. For this reason it is appropriate to evaluate FIA in relation to these conventional methods. The scale of operations for FIA allows for the routine analysis of minor and trace analytes and for macro-, meso-, and microsamples. The ability to work with microliter injection volumes is useful when the sample is scarce. Conventional methods of analysis, however, may allow the determination of smaller concentrations of analyte. 

Determination of Sn(ll) (Quality Control). Determination of the Sn(ll) content in radiopharmaceutical kits is an important aspect of quality control for commercial producers and registration authorities (Rakias and Zolle 1997). Classical methods for the determination of Sn(II) involve titrimetric, electrochemical, spectrophotometric, and chromatographic methods (Lejeune et al. 1996). 

The investigations outlined above demonstrate the utility of electrochemical techniques in probing cluster reactions. The titrimetric bulk electrolysis procedure allows new cluster types to be prepared easily, with quantitative information on stoichiometry. The cyclic voltammetry approach permitted a systematic study of other ferredoxins to determine the factors that allow rapid reactions of this type to occur. It could be shown, for example, that the presence of Asp in place of Cys in the sequence was not sufficient to confer this striking ambivalence between cluster types. The 7Fe ferredoxin from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, which also has the... 

Gravimetry is a method of quantitative chemical analysis. It qualifies as a macroscopic quantitative method of analysis because it involves relatively important quantities of a substance to be determined compared to more recent methods, such as electrochemical, spectroscopic and chromatographic means. From this standpoint, it should instead be compared to titrimetric methods. However, it has remained a method of choice for the analysis of standard compounds, those compounds with which the more recent instrumental methods of analysis listed above are calibrated. 

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