Thulium carbonates

The radionuclides commercially available and most commonly used for a number of the foregoing applications include anhmony-125 banum-133, 207 bismuth-207 bromine-82 cadmium-109, 115 m calcium-45 carbon-14 cerium-141 cesium-134, 137 chlorine-36 chromium-51 cobalt-57, 58, 60 copper-64 gadolimum-153 germanium-68 gold-195. 198 hydrogen-3 (tritium) indium-111, 114 m iodine-125, 129, 131 iron-55, 59 krypton-85 manganese-54 mercury-203 molvbdenum-99 nickel-63 phosphorus-32. 33 potassium-42 promethium-147 rubidium-86 ruthenium-103 samarium-151 scandium-46 selenium-75 silver-110 m sodium-22, strontium-85 sulfur-35 technetium-99 thallium-204 thulium-171 tin-113, 119 m, 121 m. titamum-44 ytterbium-169, and zinc-65. 

Tl4N403PtC5, Platinate(II), tetracyano-, thallium carbonate (1 4 1), 21 153, 154 TmCU, Thulium chloride, 22 39 TmCUCs2Li, Cesium lithium thulium chloride, 22 10... 

The lanthanides can be found in the earth s crust at a wide range of concentrations. For example, thulium is present at only 0.5 ppm, whereas lanthanum and cerium are present at 30 and 60 ppm, respectively. The mineralized forms of the lanthanides that are of greatest commercial and mining interest are mon-azite, bastnaesite, and cerite. The most common commercial forms of the lanthanides are the oxides and carbonates, which have low solubility and mobility. In contrast, the lanthanide chlorides, nitrates, and acetates, because of their high solubility, are more likely to leach into groundwater and surface water. 

Fig.6.68. Two examples of IR absorption spectra, (cr. carbon monoxide gas [6.120], b thulium ions in a crystalline matrix [6.121])...

Matter is made up of very tiny units called atoms. Each different type of atom is the building block of a different chemical element. Presently, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) recognizes 118 elements, but four do not yet have names or symbols. The known elements range from common substances, such as carbon, iron, and silver, to uncommon ones, such as lutetium and thulium. About 90 of the elements can be obtained from natural sources. The remainder do not occur naturally and have been created only in laboratories. On the inside front cover you will find a complete listing of the elements and also a special tabular arrangement of the elements known as the periodic table. The periodic table is the chemist s directory of the elements. We will describe it in Chapter 2 and use it throughout most of the text. 

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