Three-Step Oxidation of Cyclohexene to AA Via Epoxide

Normally, in cydohexene epoxidation with HP, Ti-silicates produce products that are typical of both two-electron oxidation mechanisms (cydohexene epoxide and 

The third step of this synthetic pathway would include the oxidative ring opening of the diketone to yield AA. 

The biocatalytic microbe-based conversion of o-glucose into ds,ds-muconic acid and the subsequent hydrogenation of the latter into AA has been proposed by Draths and Frost [42a, bj. This synthesis is emblematic of an environmentally benign process, making use of a renewable raw material for the synthesis of a commodity chemical by means of an intrinsically safe process. 

Muconic acid can then be hydrogenated to AA using supported Rh or Pt catalysts. 

For instance, hydrogenation of the solution with 10% Pt on carbon at 34 atm of H2 pressure for 2.5 h at room temperature gave a 97% conversion of ds,ds-muconic acid into A A [42 c]. 

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