Thickness growth profile

Based on the school of termination philosophy, two expressions, Eqs. (3) and (4), have been developed by two different groups to predict the thickness growth profile [101, 102]. These two equations were derived from kinetic equations using... 

Tribofilm thickness. Depth profiling results show that the 12 hour test tribofilm is much thicker than the 0.5 hour test film. The tribofilm thickness results from the balance of the rate of tribofilm growth, and the rate of removal by wear, and is not correlated to the wear scar width to any great extent (Bell, 1995 Fuller et al., 1998 and 2000 Georges et al., 1998 Jahanmir, 1987 Lindsay et al., 1993 Palacios, 1987 Yin et al., 1997a Tonck et al., 1999). ... 

Fig. 10.27 Illustration of the lateral growth profile of chain-folding lamellar crystals, with the secondary nucleation barrier at the top and the excess lamellar thickness harvested instantly at the root...

On the basis of the template-wetting method, we also prepared PBLG nanotubes (Figure 5). The main reason to use this alternative technique is because of the difficulties for controlling the nanotube wall thickness. SI-VDP technique showed a non-linear growth profile and the polymer film wall thickness varied substantially between each experiment. In contrast to the SI-... 

The primary cause of efficiency losses in an axial-flow turbine is the buildup of boundary layer on the blade and end walls. The losses associated with a boundary layer are viscous losses, mixing losses, and trailing edge losses. To calculate these losses, the growth of the boundary layer on a blade must be known so that the displacement thickness and momentum thickness can be computed. A typical distribution of the displacement and momentum thickness is shown in Figure 9-26. The profile loss from this type of bound-ary-layer build-up is due to a loss of stagnation pressure, which in turn is... 

A graphoepitaxy method has been developed in which a topographic top-down defined pattern on a substrate is used to direct the epitaxial growth in an overlaying block copolymer bottom-up nanostructure by creating a periodic thickness profile (Fig. 5). Fasolka and coworkers [66] employed a faceted silicon substrate, which has sawtooth-profile corrugations in the nanometer... 

When a steady state is reached, the boundary layer thickness is independent of time and so is the crystal growth rate (or melt consumption rate u). The concentration profile at the steady state is... 

Figure 4-19 Plagioclase phase diagram and plagioclase melting Figure 4-20 Free falling velocity of a mantle xenolith in a basalt Figure 4-21 Sketch of boundary layer, and boundary layer thickness Figure 4-22 MgO diffusion profile in olivine and in melt during olivine growth...

Figure 6.2. The crystalline habit of lactose a-hydrate. (A) Prism, formed when velocity of growth is very high. (B) Prism, formed more slowly than prism A. (C) Diamond-shaped plates transition between prism and pyramid. (D) Pyramids resulting from an increase in the thickness of the diamond. (E) Tomahawk, a tall pyramid with bevel faces at the base. (F) Tomahawk, showing another face which sometimes appears. (G) The form most commonly decribed as fully developed. (H) A crystal having 13 faces. The face shown in F is not present. (I) A profile view of H with the tomahawk blade sharpened. (From van Krevald and Michaels 1965. Reprinted with permission of the Journal of Dairy Science 48(3), 259-265.)...

Two other factors could contribute to the observed departure of the growth thickness at long times from that predicted by equation 17. First, homogeneous nucleation in the melt and the subsequent growth of precipitates will act as sinks for solute atoms, just as film growth does. The exact location in the melt where homogeneous nucleation will occur depends on the melt compositional and thermal profiles (96). The precipitates are less dense than the melt and will rise to the top of the melt. Such precipitates... 

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