Thermographic imaging

Fig. 1. Schematic for thermographic imaging. The ambient thermal radiation is imaged on the focal plane which converts the infrared to an electrical signal for display on a video monitor. Sensors with uncooled focal planes are now the size of a minicam and cost 5 to 10 times as much.

Fig. 7. Thermographic image of a power distribution station and transformer. Spatial resolution is 0.3 m-radians and temperature sensitivity is 0.08 C.

Figure 1.21 Thermographic image taken during heating-up of a gas-phase reactor (top).

Figure 5 Time-resolved IR thermographic imaging of the enantioselective hydrolysis of epoxide (48c) catalyzed by >S,//-(50a-c) after (a) 0, (b) 2.5, (c) 4, (d) 5, (e) 7, (g) 8, (h) 15, and (i) 32 min. In (f) the same images is shown as in (e), except that the temperature window ranges over 10 K. The bar on the far right of each image is the temperature/colour key of the temperature window used (°C).SS...

Photothermographic materials, 19 211-212. See also Photothermographic/ thermographic imaging materials Photothermographic process binder role in, 19 359—360 latent image formation in, 19 353-355 mechanism of, 19 353—360 thermal development and toner recycling in, 19 358-359... 

Photothermographic technology, 19 369 Photothermographic/thermographic imaging materials, 19 329-374. See also Photothermographic materials PTG entries... 

Thermographic imaging, 79 320-321 Thermographic imaging materials. See Photothermographic/thermographic imaging materials... 

The infrared radiation caused by the heat of reaction of an enantioselective enzyme-catalyzed transformation can be detected by modern photovoltaic infrared (IT)-thermographic cameras equipped with focal-plane array detectors. Specifically, in the lipase-catalyzed enantioselective acylation of racemic 1-phenylethanol (20), the (K)- and (S)-substrates were allowed to react separately in the wells of microtiter plates, the (7 )-alcohol showing hot spots in the IR-thermographic images (113,114). Thus, enantioselective enzymes can be identified in kinetic resolution. However, quantification has not been achieved thus far by this method, which means that only those mutants can be identified which have E values larger than 100 (113-115). 

Figure 4.40 Thermographic image of the set-up shown in Figure 4.39. The temperatures range from approximately -10 °C (surface temperature of the perpendicular tube of the mixer-tube reactor) to 50 °C (surface temperature of heat exchanger 3) [86].

Figure 4.42 Surface temperature variation at heat exchanger 3 (the largest temperature range indicated in the thermographic image varies from approximately 10 to 50 °C) [86],...

Several libraries of heterogeneous catalysts have been screened using IR thermographic imaging (51), resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (52), and mass spectrometry (53), among others. Example of these screening methods are given below. 

Holzwarth et al. (51) reported the synthesis and IR thermographic-imaging screening of a 37-member, focused discrete heterogeneous catalyst library L6 for oxidations and reductions. The library was prepared using sol-gel solution synthetic protocols (47, 51) to produce the library individuals as amorphous microporous mixed oxides (AMMs), which have previously shown heterogeneous catalytic properties (54, 55). The scaffolding metal oxides contained either Ti (subset 1, Fig. 11.7) or Si (subset 2), and many active metal components were used. The complete structure of L6 is reported... 

Figure 15.13 Examples of thermographic images of composite samples.

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