Thermodynamics, theory of irreversible

Molecular fragments are the mutually open subsystems, which exhibit fluctuations in their electron densities and overall numbers of electrons. In chemistry one is interested in both the equilibrium distributions of electrons and non-equilibrium processes characterized by rates. Recently, it has been demonstrated [23] that the information theory provides all necessary tools for the local dynamical description of the density fluctuations and electron flows between molecular subsystems, which closely follows the thermodynamic theory of irreversible processes [146],... 

The steady-state relations were found to be valid in a wide range. Heats of transport were estimated using the experimental results on the basis of thermodynamic theory of irreversible processes to examine the dependence of heat of transport on the composition of the mixtures. It was found that the heat of transport of the mixture, <2m is related to mass fraction as predicted by Eq. (3.129). 

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