Thermodynamics of radical

It is useful to briefly discuss some of the common and, perhaps, less common experimental approaches to determine the kinetics and thermodynamics of radical anion reactions. While electrochemical methods tend to be most often employed, other complementary techniques are increasingly valuable. In particular, laser flash photolysis and photoacoustic calorimetry provide independent measures of kinetics and thermodynamics of molecules and ion radicals. As most readers will not be familiar with all of these techniques, they will be briefly reviewed. In addition, the use of convolution voltammetry for the determination of electrode kinetics is discussed in more detail as this technique is not routinely used even by most electrochemists. Throughout this chapter we will reference all electrode potentials to the saturated calomel electrode and energies are reported in kcal mol. ... 

Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Radical Polymerization Thus, eqn (1.53) becomes... 

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