The system lexicon

If we generate the ofEhne lexicon by the above process we will have a lexicon that is very large, but will have a considerable number of entries whose quality is unknown. In traditional TTS, the normal approach was to have only carefully checked entries in the lexicon, the idea being that the rules would be used for all other cases. However, it should now be clear that whether we use the rules at run time to handle words not in the lexicon or use the rules ofiline to expand the lexicon will not have any effect on the overall quality all we are doing is changing the place where the rules are used. 

Given this large ofiline lexicon, we see then that the real debate about rules versus lexicons is not one of quality, but rather one of balance between run time and ofiline resoirrces. If we take the case of including the entire ofiline lexicon in the system lexicon, we wifi have a system that uses a considerable amoimt of memory, but the processing is minimal (simply the small amount of time taken to look up a word). If, on the other hand, we create a system lexicon that is only a small subset of the ofiline lexicon, this 

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Despite the fact that only 20 amino acids (plus selenocys-teine and formylmethionine in prokaryotic systems) are known to be directly specified by the genetic code, chemical analysis of mature proteins has revealed hundreds of different amino acids, all of them structural variants on the original 20. This structural diversity, which greatly expands the chemical lexicon of proteins, results from posttranslational modification of the primary products of translation. Our knowledge of the nature and significance of enzymatic reactions that bring about these important alterations is still very incomplete. 

As a general notation, it is common to enclose within square brackets the number of functions of various types. For example, [6s5p2d/4s2p] indicates that first-row atoms are represented by 6s functions, 5 sets of 3 (p, p, and p ) p-functions, and two separate sets of five d-functions. The basis set for hydrogen is indicated after the slash 4s and 2 sets of p-functions. Because the order is always the same s, followed by p, d, etc. it is not uncommon to leave out the letters entirely [652/42]. In this lexicon, the 6-31G basis set could be represented as [321/21]. If the system were to contain atoms beyond the first row of the periodic table, they would be indicated to the left of the first set of numbers, as in [second-row/first-row/H]. 

It is therefore unsurprising that away from the formal manifestations of legal requirements in safety management systems and documents, safety becomes much more fluid and flexible. When those who work on sites everyday try to adopt the polarised lexicon of safety with their own understandings of construction site life, it doesn t quite work. Evidence of this can be readily found in site-produced safety documentation (as opposed to formal corporate documents distributed by contractor head offices), such as induction slides, where the site team often try to reposition safe/ unsafe within a wider context examples of practice are given as they were in the earliest legislation, the acknowledgement of variation... 

The polarised safe/unsafe of the legislative lexicon has unsurprisingly become embedded in organisational safety management practices and safety management systems. Binary evaluations of safety are therefore also found at the heart of various safety management activities, such as risk assessments and site inspections, and so have considerable influence on the construction of safety in practice. 

In all modem TTS systems we make extensive use of a lexicon. The issue of lexicons is in fact quite complicated, and we discuss this in full in Chapter 8 when we start to talk about pronunciation in detail. For our current purpose, its main use is that it lists the words that are known to the system, and that it defines their written form. A word may have more than one written form (labour and labor) and two words may share the same written form polish etc. It is by using a lexicon as a place to define what is a possible word and what its written forms may be, that we can use the decoding model we are adopting in this book. 

The most basic method of replacing one system with another is to incorporate the new system into the basic education system, teaching it in such a manner that it becomes the entrenched measurement system as children progress through school. It is, therefore, important not only that teachers are educated in the use of the metric system but also that they actively replace their own reliance on any former system that they have used. This guarantees that, in time, the older system is completely displaced from the public lexicon and the metric system becomes the primary... 

To finish off this subsection, we need to briefly consider the work of Noam Chomsky, as it has, in a certain sense, provided the inspiration for the basic idea behind this foray into philosophy - that there is a close connection between the system concept and its pervasiveness and a certain feature of the mind [3]. Chomsky developed a rigorous description of a language in terms of its grammar, consisting of a lexicon and a set of rules, with the latter subdivided into a syntactic... 

Some properties of the interactions between antibodies or T-cell receptors and the molecules they bind are unique to the immune system, and a specialized lexicon is used to describe them. Any molecule or pathogen capable of eliciting an immune response is called an antigen. An antigen may be a virus, a bacterial cell wall, or an individual protein or other macromolecule. A complex antigen may be bound by a number of different antibodies. An individual antibody or T-cell receptor binds only a particular molecular structure within the antigen, called its antigenic determinant or epitope. 

The FDA does not recognize the term revalidation. In their lexicon, the protocol testing for any system is validation whether or not a system has been previously validated. 

Many of the compartments in Kong s tables contain several molecules indeed, the paper that introduces his diatomic-molecular system comes with a lexicon listing the molecules contained in each compartment. The hst is two-dimensional (arranged according to the differences of the atoms period and group numbers), which suggests that Kong s table is in fact a projection onto two-dimensional space of a four-dimensional architecture. 

Many molecules can exist in one compartment, even if the restriction to row-two atoms is maintained for instance, CO and BF are in the same compartment as N2, and FNO2, O4, and N2F2 are in the same compartment as BF3. The schematic does not show the additional axes necessary to distinguish between these horizontally isoelectronic molecules such axes are shown explicitly in the lexicon for Kong s periodic system for diatomics. The schematic also does not indicate the additional... 

Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) has established its place in the lexicon of chemical spectroscopies as the technique which uniquely reveals the valence electronic structure of the isolated molecule. It has been particularly successful for organic systems... 

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