The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique

Russell WMS, Burch RL (1959) The principles of humane experimental technique. Methuen Co. Ltd., London, (Revised 1992, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, Herts, England.) http //altweb.jhsph.edu/publications/humane exp/het-toc.htm... 

In 1959, a book titled The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique was published, which introduced the concept of the 3Rs (Russell and Burch 1959). The 3Rs stand for reduction, refinement, and replacement. 

Russell, W. M. S. and Burch, R. L. 1959. The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. London Methuen, http //altweb.jhsph.edu/publications/humane exp/foreward.htm SIS. 2007. Division of Specialized Information Services, National Library of Medicine http //www.nlm.nih. gov/pubs/factsheets/sis.html... 

Russell WMS, Burch RL. The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. London Methuen and Co Ltd, 1959. 

It is now 50 years since Russell and Burch, in their classical book on The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique (1), suggested that toxicologists should use small numbers of animals of several inbred strains rather than using outbred stocks in toxicological screening. The aim of this chapter is to explain how... 

Russell, W. M. S., Burch, R. L. The principles of humane experimental technique, Methuen, London, 1959. 

Russel W.M.S. Burch R.L. (1959) The principles of humane experimental techniques. London Methuen. 

Russell, W.M.S. Burch, R.L. The Principles of Human Experimental Technique, Methuen London, 1959. 

Clinical studies of Peff, secretion, and metabolism of various compounds such as drugs, environmental pollutants, and nutrients are rarely performed in vivo in humans even if experimental techniques are available (Figures 9.2-9.4) [3, 11, 13, 16, 17, 24—31]. Direct measurements of compound transport and metabolism in mesenteric and portal veins in humans are not possible for obvious reasons. Perfusion techniques, however, present great possibilities to measure intestinal processes. Over the past 70 years, different in vivo intestinal perfusion techniques have been developed and the importance of this work has been clearly demonstrated [3, 5, 6,11,13-16, 25-31]. The fundamental principle of an in vivo intestinal perfusion experiment is that Peff is calculated from the rate at which the compound disappears... 

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